Editing Cerebral cortex (section)

==Other animals==
{{See also|Barrel cortex}}
The cerebral cortex is derived from the [[pallium (neuroanatomy)|pallium]], a layered structure found in the [[prosencephalon|forebrain]] of all [[vertebrate]]s. The basic form of the pallium is a cylindrical layer enclosing fluid-filled ventricles. Around the circumference of the cylinder are four zones, the dorsal pallium, medial pallium, ventral pallium, and lateral pallium, which are thought to be [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] to the [[neocortex]], [[hippocampus]], [[amygdala]], and [[piriform cortex|olfactory cortex]], respectively.

In [[Avian brain|avian brains]], evidence suggests the [[avian pallium]]'s neuroarchitecture to be reminiscent of the mammalian cerebral cortex.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stacho M, Herold C, Rook N, Wagner H, Axer M, Amunts K, Güntürkün O | title = A cortex-like canonical circuit in the avian forebrain | journal = Science | volume = 369 | issue = 6511 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32973004 | doi = 10.1126/science.abc5534 }}</ref> The avian pallium has also been suggested to be an equivalent neural basis for [[Animal consciousness|consciousness]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nieder A, Wagener L, Rinnert P | title = A neural correlate of sensory consciousness in a corvid bird | journal = Science | volume = 369 | issue = 6511 | pages = 1626–1629 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32973028 | doi = 10.1126/science.abb1447 | bibcode = 2020Sci...369.1626N | s2cid = 221881862 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Herculano-Houzel S | title = Birds do have a brain cortex-and think | journal = Science | volume = 369 | issue = 6511 | pages = 1567–1568 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32973020 | doi = 10.1126/science.abe0536 | bibcode = 2020Sci...369.1567H | s2cid = 221882004 }}</ref>

Until recently no counterpart to the cerebral cortex had been recognized in invertebrates. However, a study published in the journal ''Cell'' in 2010, based on gene expression profiles, reported strong affinities between the cerebral cortex and the [[mushroom bodies]] of the [[Nereididae|ragworm]] ''[[Platynereis dumerilii]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tomer R, Denes AS, Tessmar-Raible K, Arendt D | title = Profiling by image registration reveals common origin of annelid mushroom bodies and vertebrate pallium | journal = Cell | volume = 142 | issue = 5 | pages = 800–809 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20813265 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2010.07.043 | s2cid = 917306 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Mushroom bodies are structures in the brains of many types of worms and arthropods that are known to play important roles in learning and memory; the genetic evidence indicates a common evolutionary origin, and therefore indicates that the origins of the earliest precursors of the cerebral cortex date back to the [[Precambrian]] era.