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=== Works cited === * {{Cite book |last=Bowlus |first=Charles R. |title=The Battle of Lechfeld and its Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-5470-4 }} * {{Cite book |last=Costambeys |first=Mario |title=The Carolingian World |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5215-6366-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Goldberg|first=Eric J.|title=Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876|year=2006|location=Ithaca, NY|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-3890-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyiTg0wgl58C}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hooper |first1=Nicholas |title=The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: the Middle Ages |last2=Bennett |first2=Matthew |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-5214-4049-3 |author-link2=Matthew Bennett (historian)}} * {{Cite book |last=King |first=P. D. |title=Charlemagne : translated sources |date=1987 |publisher=P.D. King |isbn=0-9511-5030-8 |location=Lambrigg, Kendal, Cumbria |oclc=21517645}} * {{Cite book|last=McKitterick|first=Rosamond|author-link=Rosamond McKitterick|title=The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians, 751-987|year=1983|location=Harlow|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-49005-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtNnAAAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book|last=McKitterick|first=Rosamond|author-link=Rosamond McKitterick|title=Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity|year=2008|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-47285-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxb8kR4hvbQC}} * {{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Janet L.|author-link=Janet Nelson|title=King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne|year=2019|location=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-31420-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePujDwAAQBAJ}} * {{Cite book|last=Reuter|first=Timothy|author-link=Timothy Reuter|title=Germany in the Early Middle Ages c. 800β1056|year=2013|orig-year=1991|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-87239-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfvJAwAAQBAJ}} * {{Cite book|last=Reuter|first=Timothy|author-link=Timothy Reuter|title=Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities|year=2006|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGsN0Xbo-ZoC|isbn=978-1-1394-5954-9}} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Scholz|editor-first=Bernhard Walter|title=Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories|year=1970|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472061860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTzl6wFjehMC}} * {{Cite book|last=Watts|first=Edward J.|title=The Eternal Decline and Fall of Rome: The History of a Dangerous Idea|year=2021|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O30_EAAAQBAJ}} * {{Cite book|last=West|first=Charles|title=The Fall of a Carolingian Kingdom: Lotharingia, 855β869|year=2023|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp_UEAAAQBAJ}}
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