Editing Calligraphy (section)

===Revival===
After [[printing]] became ubiquitous from the 15th century onward, the production of illuminated manuscripts began to decline.{{sfn|de Hamel|2001a}}<ref>de Hamel 1986</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2022}} However, the rise of printing did not mean the end of calligraphy.{{sfn|de Hamel|2001a}}{{sfn|Zapf|2007}}<ref>Gilderdale 1999; Gray 1971{{full citation needed|date=August 2022}}</ref> A clear distinction between handwriting and more elaborate forms of lettering and script began to make its way into manuscripts and books at the beginning of the 16th century.

The modern revival of calligraphy began at the end of the 19th century, influenced by the aesthetics and philosophy of [[William Morris]] and the [[Arts and Crafts movement]]. [[Edward Johnston]] is regarded as being the father of modern calligraphy.<ref name="ejf">{{Cite web |title=The Legacy of Edward Johnston |url=http://www.ejf.org.uk/ |publisher=The Edward Johnston Foundation}}</ref><ref>Cockerell 1945; Morris 1882</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Font Designer — Edward Johnston |url=http://www.linotype.com/733/edwardjohnston.html |access-date=5 November 2007 |publisher=Linotype GmbH}}</ref> After studying published copies of manuscripts by architect [[William Harrison Cowlishaw]], he was introduced to [[William Lethaby]] in 1898, principal of the [[Central School of Art and Design|Central School of Arts and Crafts]], who advised him to study manuscripts at the [[British Museum]].{{efn|Such as the Ramsey Psalter, BL, Harley MS 2904}}

This triggered Johnston's interest in the art of calligraphy with the use of a broad-edged pen. He began a teaching course in calligraphy at the Central School in [[Southampton Row]], London from September 1899, where he influenced the typeface designer and sculptor [[Eric Gill]]. He was commissioned by [[Frank Pick]] to design a [[Johnston (typeface)|new typeface]] for [[London Underground]], still used today (with minor modifications).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Eric Gill Society: Associates of the Guild: Edward Johnston |url=http://www.ericgill.org.uk/associates/edward-johnston-1872-1944 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010172820/http://www.ericgill.org.uk/associates/edward-johnston-1872-1944 |archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref>

He has been credited for single-handedly reviving the art of modern [[penmanship]] and lettering through his books and teachings{{By whom|date=October 2024}}{{snd}} his handbook on the subject, ''Writing & Illuminating, & Lettering'' (1906) was particularly influential on a generation of British typographers and calligraphers, including [[Graily Hewitt]], [[Stanley Morison]], [[Eric Gill]], [[Alfred Fairbank]] and Anna Simons. Johnston also devised the crafted round calligraphic handwriting style, written with a broad pen, known today as the ''Foundational hand''. Johnston initially taught his students an uncial hand using a flat pen angle, but later taught his hand using a slanted pen angle.<ref>Gilderdale 1999{{full citation needed|date=August 2022}}</ref> He first referred to this hand as "Foundational Hand" in his 1909 publication, ''Manuscript & Inscription Letters for Schools and Classes and for the Use of Craftsmen''.<ref>Baines & Dixon 2003: 81{{full citation needed|date=August 2022}}</ref>