Editing Biogas (section)

==== India ====
Biogas in India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpowersystems.co.in/waste-management-and-biogas/|title=GPS Renewables – Waste management through biogas|work=GPS Renewables|access-date=15 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075723/http://www.greenpowersystems.co.in/waste-management-and-biogas/|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> has been traditionally based on dairy manure as feed stock and these "gobar" gas plants have been in operation for a long period of time, especially in rural India. In the last 2–3 decades, research organisations with a focus on rural energy security have enhanced the design of the systems resulting in newer efficient low cost designs such as the Deenabandhu model.

The Deenabandhu Model is a new biogas-production model popular in India. (''Deenabandhu'' means "friend of the helpless".) The unit usually has a capacity of 2 to 3 cubic metres. It is constructed using bricks or by a [[ferrocement]] mixture. In India, the brick model costs slightly more than the ferrocement model; however, India's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy offers some subsidy per model constructed.

Biogas which is mainly methane/natural gas can also be used for generating protein rich cattle, poultry and fish feed in villages economically by cultivating ''[[Methylococcus capsulatus]]'' bacteria culture with tiny land and water foot print.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |title=BioProtein Production |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151825/http://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/ |title=Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us |newspaper=New Scientist |access-date=31 January 2018|last1=Le Page |first1=Michael}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cargill.com/2016/new-venture-selects-cargill-tennessee-to-produce-feedkind |title=New venture selects Cargill's Tennessee site to produce Calysta FeedKind Protein |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> The carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these plants can be put to use in cheaper production of [[algae oil]] or [[Spirulina (dietary supplement)|spirulina]] from [[algaculture]] particularly in tropical countries like India which can displace the prime position of crude oil in near future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/01/20150121-algenol.html#more |title=Algenol and Reliance launch algae fuels demonstration project in India |access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/ExxonMobil-Announces-Breakthrough-In-Renewable-Energy.html |title=ExxonMobil Announces Breakthrough in Renewable Energy |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref> Union government of India is implementing many schemes to utilise productively the agro waste or biomass in rural areas to uplift rural economy and job potential.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/indrapratha-gas-mahindra-mahindra-join-hands-to-stop-stubble-burning/62986917|title=Indrapratha Gas, Mahindra & Mahindra join hands to stop stubble burning|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/modi-govt-plans-gobar-dhan-scheme-to-convert-cattle-dung-into-energy/63028408|title=Modi govt plans Gobar-Dhan scheme to convert cattle dung into energy|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> With these plants, the non-edible biomass or waste of edible biomass is converted in to high value products without any water pollution or [[green house gas]] (GHG) emissions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carbontrust.com/media/672719/calysta-feedkind.pdf |title=Assessment of environmental impact of FeedKind protein |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163726/https://www.carbontrust.com/media/672719/calysta-feedkind.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is a key source of cooking fuel in urban India and its prices have been increasing along with the global fuel prices. Also the heavy subsidies provided by the successive governments in promoting LPG as a domestic cooking fuel has become a financial burden renewing the focus on biogas as a cooking fuel alternative in urban establishments. This has led to the development of prefabricated digester for modular deployments as compared to RCC and cement structures which take a longer duration to construct. Renewed focus on process technology like the Biourja process model<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpowersystems.co.in/monitoring-methodology/|title=GPS Renewables – Monitoring Methodology|work=GPS Renewables|access-date=15 May 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510175205/http://www.greenpowersystems.co.in/monitoring-methodology/|url-status=dead}}</ref> has enhanced the stature of medium and large scale anaerobic digester in India as a potential alternative to LPG as primary cooking fuel.

In India, Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion of [[manure]] in small-scale digestion facilities is called gobar gas; it is estimated that such facilities exist in over 2 million households in India, 50,000 in Bangladesh and thousands in Pakistan, particularly North Punjab, due to the thriving population of livestock. The digester is an airtight circular pit made of concrete with a pipe connection. The manure is directed to the pit, usually straight from the cattle shed. The pit is filled with a required quantity of [[wastewater]]. The gas pipe is connected to the kitchen fireplace through control valves. The combustion of this biogas has very little odour or smoke. Owing to simplicity in implementation and use of cheap raw materials in villages, it is one of the most environmentally sound energy sources for rural needs. One type of these system is the [[Sintex]] Digester. Some designs use [[vermiculture]] to further enhance the slurry produced by the biogas plant for use as compost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/skgsangha|title=Biogas plants provide cooking and fertiliser|work=Ashden Awards, sustainable and renewable energy in the UK and developing world|access-date=15 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927224851/http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/skgsangha|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Pakistan, the Rural Support Programmes Network is running the Pakistan Domestic Biogas Programme<ref name="pakenergysolution">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakenergysolution.com/|title=PAK-ENERGY SOLUTION|access-date=15 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524191752/http://www.pakenergysolution.com/|archive-date=24 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> which has installed 5,360 biogas plants<ref name="PakBioGasPlants">{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/industries-a-sectors/213512-5360-bio-gas-plants-installed-in-12-districts.html|title=5,360 bio-gas plants installed in 12 districts|work=Business Recorder|access-date=15 May 2015|date=2014-12-27|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402232443/http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/industries-a-sectors/213512-5360-bio-gas-plants-installed-in-12-districts.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and has trained in excess of 200 masons on the technology and aims to develop the Biogas Sector in Pakistan.

In Nepal, the government provides subsidies to build biogas plant at home.