Editing Arthur Schopenhauer (section)

==Influence and legacy==
[[File:Arthur_Schopenhauer_by_Elisabet_Ney.jpg|thumb|[[Arthur Schopenhauer (sculpture)|Sculpture of Schopenhauer]] by [[Elisabeth Ney]]]]
Schopenhauer remained the most influential German philosopher until the [[First World War]].<ref name=Weltschmerz>{{Cite book|title=Weltschmerz, Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860–1900|last=Beiser|first=Frederick C.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-876871-5|location=Oxford|pages=14–16|quote=Arthur Schopenhauer was the most famous and influential philosopher in Germany from 1860 until the First World War. ... Schopenhauer had a profound influence on two intellectual movements of the late 19th century that were utterly opposed to him: neo-Kantianism and positivism. He forced these movements to address issues they would otherwise have completely ignored, and in doing so he changed them markedly. ... Schopenhauer set the agenda for his age.}}</ref> His philosophy was a starting point for a new generation of philosophers including [[Julius Bahnsen]], [[Paul Deussen]], Lazar von Hellenbach, [[Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann]], Ernst Otto Lindner, [[Philipp Mainländer]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Olga Plümacher]] and [[Agnes Taubert]]. His legacy shaped the intellectual debate, and forced movements that were utterly opposed to him, [[neo-Kantianism]] and [[positivism]], to address issues they would otherwise have completely ignored, and in doing so he changed them markedly.<ref name="Weltschmerz" /> The French writer [[Guy de Maupassant|Maupassant]] commented that "to-day even those who execrate him seem to carry in their own souls particles of his thought".<ref>Beside Schopenhauer's Corpse</ref> Other philosophers of the 19th century who cited his influence include [[Hans Vaihinger]], [[Johannes Volkelt|Volkelt]], [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Solovyov]] and [[Otto Weininger|Weininger]].

Schopenhauer was well read by physicists, most notably [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Erwin Schrödinger|Schrödinger]], [[Wolfgang Pauli]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Peek behind the Veil of Maya: Einstein, Schopenhauer, and the Historical Background of the Conception of Space as a Ground for the Individuation of Physical Systems|first=Don|last=Howard|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|year=1997|quote=Pauli greatly admired Schopenhauer. ... Pauli wrote sympathetically about extrasensory perception, noting approvingly that "even such a thoroughly critical philosopher as Schopenhauer not only regarded parapsychological effects going far beyond what is secured by scientific evidence as possible, but even considered them as a support for his philosophy".}}</ref> and [[Ettore Majorana|Majorana]].<ref name=Majorana>{{Cite book|title=Ettore Majorana: Scientific Papers|last=Bassani|first=Giuseppe-Franco|date=15 December 2006|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-48091-4|editor-last=Società Italiana di Fisica|page=xl|quote=His interest in philosophy, which had always been great, increased and prompted him to reflect deeply on the works of various philosophers, in particular Schopenhauer.}}</ref> Einstein described Schopenhauer's thoughts as a "continual consolation" and called him a genius.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Einstein: His Life and Universe|last=Isaacson|first=Walter|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7432-6474-7|location=New York|page=367}}</ref> In his Berlin study three figures hung on the wall: [[Michael Faraday|Faraday]], [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell]], Schopenhauer.<ref>Howard (1997). p. 87</ref> [[Konrad Wachsmann]] recalled: "He often sat with one of the well-worn Schopenhauer volumes, and as he sat there, he seemed so pleased, as if he were engaged with a serene and cheerful work."<ref>Howard (1997). p. 92</ref>

When [[Erwin Schrödinger]] discovered Schopenhauer ("the greatest savant of the West") he considered switching his study of physics to philosophy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Einstein's Dice and Schrödinger's Cat: How Two Great Minds Battled Quantum Randomness to Create a Unified Theory of Physics|last=Halpern|first=Paul|year=2015|isbn=978-0-465-04065-0|page=189|publisher=Basic Books }}</ref> He maintained the idealistic views during the rest of his life.<ref>Howard (1997). p. 132</ref> [[Wolfgang Pauli]] accepted the main tenet of Schopenhauer's metaphysics, that the [[thing-in-itself]] is will.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/6149849|title=Schopenhauers Metaphysics and Contemporary Quantum Theory|last=Raymond B. Marcin|quote=David Lindorff referred to Schopenhauer as Pauli's "favorite philosopher", and Pauli himself often expressed his agreement with the main tenet of Schopenhauer's philosophy. ... Suzanne Gieser cited a 1952 letter from Pauli to Carl Jung, in which Pauli indicated that, while he accepted Schopenhauer's main tenet that the thing-in-itself of all reality is will.}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

But most of all Schopenhauer is famous for his influence on artists. [[Richard Wagner]] became one of the earliest and most famous adherents of the Schopenhauerian philosophy.<ref>See e.g. Magee (2000) 276–278.</ref> The admiration was not mutual, and Schopenhauer proclaimed: "I remain faithful to Rossini and Mozart!"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Invention of Beethoven and Rossini: Historiography, Analysis, Criticism|last=Nicholas Mathew, Benjamin Walton|page=296}}</ref> So he has been [[List of nicknames of philosophers|nicknamed]] "the artist's philosopher".<ref name=iep/> See also [[Tristan und Isolde#Influence of Schopenhauer on Tristan und Isolde|Influence of Schopenhauer on ''Tristan und Isolde'']].

{{Css Image Crop|Image = DAN-28a-Danzig-500MIL Mark (1923).jpg|bSize = 235|cWidth = 235|cHeight = 133|oTop = 2|oLeft = 0|Location = right|Description= Schopenhauer depicted on a 500 million Danzig [[Papiermark#Danzig|papiermark]] note (1923)}}

Under the influence of Schopenhauer, [[Leo Tolstoy]] became convinced that the truth of all religions lies in self-renunciation. When he read Schopenhauer's philosophy, Tolstoy exclaimed "at present I am convinced that Schopenhauer is the greatest genius among men. ... It is the whole world in an incomparably beautiful and clear reflection."<ref>Tolstoy's letter to Afanasy Fet on 30 August 1869. "Do you know what this summer has meant for me? Constant raptures over Schopenhauer and a whole series of spiritual delights as I've never experienced before. I have brought all of his works and read him over and over, Kant too by the way. Assuredly no student has ever learned and discovered so much in one semester as I have during this summer. I do not know if I shall ever change my opinion, but at present I am convinced that Schopenhauer is the greatest genius among men. You say he is so-so, he has written a few things on philosophy? What is so-so? It is the whole world in an incomparably beautiful and clear reflection. I have started to translate him. Won't you help me? Indeed, I cannot understand how his name can be unknown. The only explanation for this can only be the one he so often repeats, that is, that there is scarcely anyone but idiots in the world."</ref> He said that what he has written in ''[[War and Peace]]'' is also said by Schopenhauer in ''The World as Will and Representation''.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/316432|title=Quietism from the Side of Happiness: Tolstoy, Schopenhauer, War and Peace|last=Thompson|first=Caleb|journal=Common Knowledge|year=2009|volume=15|issue=3|pages=395–411|doi=10.1215/0961754X-2009-020|s2cid=145535267|archive-date=4 December 2021|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204061944/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/316432|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Jorge Luis Borges]] remarked that the reason he had never attempted to write a systematic account of his world view, despite his penchant for philosophy and metaphysics in particular, was because Schopenhauer had already written it for him.<ref>{{cite book |last=Magee |first=Bryan |title=Confessions of a Philosopher |year=1997 |page=413}}</ref>

Other figures in literature who were strongly influenced by Schopenhauer were [[Thomas Mann]], [[Thomas Hardy]], [[Afanasy Fet]], [[Joris-Karl Huysmans|J.-K. Huysmans]] and [[George Santayana]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Santayana and Schopenhauer|last=Caleb Flamm|first=Matthew|journal=Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society|volume=38|issue=3|pages=413–431|quote=A thinker of whom it is well known that Santayana had an early, deep admiration, namely, Schopenhauer|jstor = 40320900|year=2002}}</ref> In [[Herman Melville|Herman Melville's]] final years, while he wrote ''[[Billy Budd]]'', he read Schopenhauer's essays and marked them heavily. Scholar Brian Yothers notes that Melville "marked numerous misanthropic and even suicidal remarks, suggesting an attraction to the most extreme sorts of solitude, but he also made note of Schopenhauer's reflection on the moral ambiguities of genius."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yothers |first1=Brian |title=Sacred Uncertainty: Religious Difference and The Shape of Melville's Career |date=2015 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |location=Evanston, Illinois |isbn=978-0-8101-3071-5 |page=13}}</ref> Schopenhauer's attraction to and discussions of both Eastern and Western religions in conjunction with each other made an impression on Melville in his final years.

[[Sergei Prokofiev]], although initially reluctant to engage with works noted for their pessimism, became fascinated with Schopenhauer after reading ''Aphorisms on the Wisdom of Life'' in ''Parerga and Paralipomena''. "With his truths Schopenhauer gave me a spiritual world and an awareness of happiness."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sergey Prokofiev and His World|last=Morrison|first=Simon|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-691-13895-4|pages=19, 20}}</ref>

[[Friedrich Nietzsche]] owed the awakening of his philosophical interest to reading ''The World as Will and Representation'' and admitted that he was one of the few philosophers that he respected, dedicating to him his essay "Schopenhauer als Erzieher",<ref>[[s:Schopenhauer as Educator|Schopenhauer as Educator]]</ref> one of his ''[[Untimely Meditations]]''.

[[File:DBP 1988 1357 Arthur Schopenhauer.jpg|thumb|Commemorative stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost]]

Early in his career, [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] adopted Schopenhauer's epistemological idealism, and some traits of Schopenhauer's influence (particularly Schopenhauerian transcendentalism) can be observed in the ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author = Glock, Hans-Johann | year = 2017 | title = A Companion to Wittgenstein | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=WbfBDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 60] | location = Sussex, UK | publisher = Wiley Blackwell}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Glock, Hans-Johann | year = 2000 | title = The Cambridge Companion to Schopenhauer | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=PnUF-UjhX_oC&pg=PA424 424] | location = New York, NY | publisher = Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Later on, Wittgenstein rejected epistemological [[transcendental idealism]] for [[Gottlob Frege]]'s conceptual [[Metaphysical realism|realism]]. In later years, Wittgenstein became highly dismissive of Schopenhauer, describing him as an ultimately shallow thinker.<ref name="Culture & Value, p.24, 1933–4">Culture & Value, p.&nbsp;24, 1933–34</ref><ref>Malcolm, Norman. Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir. Oxford University Press, 1958, p. 6</ref> His friend [[Bertrand Russell]] had a low opinion on the philosopher, and even came to attack him in his [[History of Western Philosophy (Russell)|''History of Western Philosophy'']] for hypocritically praising asceticism yet not acting upon it.<ref>{{cite book|last=Russell|first=Bertrand|title=History of Western Philosophy|year=1946|publisher=George Allen and Unwin |page=786}}</ref>

Opposite to Russell on the foundations of mathematics, the Dutch mathematician [[L. E. J. Brouwer]] incorporated Kant's and Schopenhauer's ideas in the philosophical school of [[intuitionism]], where mathematics is considered as a purely mental activity instead of an analytic activity wherein objective properties of reality are revealed. Brouwer was also influenced by Schopenhauer's metaphysics, and wrote an essay on mysticism.

Schopenhauer's philosophy has made its way into a novel, ''[[The Schopenhauer Cure]]'', by American existential psychiatrist and emeritus professor of psychiatry [[Irvin Yalom]].

Schopenhauer's philosophy, and the discussions on [[philosophical pessimism]] it has engendered, has been the focus of contemporary thinkers such as [[David Benatar]], [[Thomas Ligotti]], and [[Eugene Thacker]]. Their work also served as an inspiration for the popular HBO TV series ''[[True Detective]]'' as well as ''[[Life Is Beautiful]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Writer Nic Pizzolatto on Thomas Ligotti and the Weird Secrets of 'True Detective'|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-79577|date=2014-02-12|work=The Wall Street Journal|archive-date=11 October 2023|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011030452/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-79577|url-status=live}}</ref> In this regard, Schopenhauer is sometimes considered the founding father of today's [[antinatalism]].<ref>M.Morioka [https://philpapers.org/rec/MORWIA-14'' What Is Antinatalism? and Other Essays''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032013/https://philpapers.org/rec/MORWIA-14 |date=26 March 2023 }}, pp.8–12.</ref>

Advocates of [[metaphysical idealism|idealism]] in contemporary [[analytic philosophy]] and [[neuroscience]] such as [[Bernardo Kastrup]] and [[Christof Koch]] owe their philosophical system, in part, to the metaphysics of Schopenhauer.<ref>Kastrup, Bernardo ''Decoding Schopenhauer’s Metaphysics: The Key to Understanding How It Solves the Hard Problem of Consciousness and the Paradoxes of Quantum Mechanics'' Iff Books (July 31, 2020)</ref><ref>Koch, Christof ''Then I Am Myself the World: What Consciousness Is and How to Expand It'' Basic Books (May 7, 2024) pp. 49, 127, 132, 139, 209, 244.</ref>