Editing Arabs (section)

===Art===
{{main|Arabic art|Nabataean art|Arabic miniature|Arabesque}}
{{multiple image
| perrow            = 3/3/3
| total_width       = 250
| align             = right
| image1            = Umayyad fresco of Prince (future caliph) Walid bin Yazid.jpg
| image2            = Arabischer Maler um 730 001.jpg
| image3            = Jordan Qusair Amra 2013 0449.jpg
| image4            = Stucco wall painting of a man from Samarra, Iraq, 9th century CE. Pergamon Museum.jpg
| image5            = British Museum Harem wall painting fragments 1.jpg
| image6            = Stucco frieze of a camel from Samarra, Iraq, 9th century CE. Pergamon Museum.jpg
| image7            = Bowl with hare, Egypt, Fatimid period, 11th century AD, earthenware with overglaze luster painting - Cincinnati Art Museum - DSC04163.JPG
| image8            = Seated drinker, Fatimid art.jpg
| image9            = Luster bowl, Fatimid, 11th cent.; Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo (2).jpg
| footer            = (1st row) Various examples of early Umayyad paintings in Qusayr 'Amra. (2nd row) Examples of Abbasid Figural paintings from Samarra.
(3rd row) Examples of Fatimid art.
| direction         = horizontal
}}
[[Arabic art]] has taken various forms, including, among other things, [[jewelry]], [[textile]]s and [[architecture]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=d'Avennes|first=Prisse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3MWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=Arabic Art in Color|date=1 January 1978|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0486236582}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Arabic art : after monuments in Cairo|date=1 January 2007|publisher=L'Aventurine|isbn=978-2914199605|oclc=216662541}}</ref> Arabic script has also traditionally been heavily embellished with often colorful [[Arabic calligraphy]], with one notable and widely used example being [[Kufic script]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2011|title=A Brief History on Arabic Art: Different Forms of Arabic Artworks Outlined|url=http://www.brighthubeducation.com/history-homework-help/115127-arabic-art-and-architecture-brief-history/|website=Bright Hub Education}}</ref> Arabic miniatures ([[Arabic]]: الْمُنَمْنَمَات الْعَرَبِيَّة, ''Al-Munamnamāt al-ʿArabīyah'') are small [[painting]]s on [[paper]], usually book or manuscript illustrations but also sometimes separate artworks that occupy entire pages. The earliest example dates from around 690 CE, with a flourishing of the art from between 1000 and 1200 CE in the Abbasid caliphate. The art form went through several stages of evolution while witnessing the fall and rise of several [[Caliphate|Arab caliphates]].
{{multiple image
| perrow            = 3
| total_width       = 150
| align             = left
| image1            = Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage kfq 0060.jpg
| image2            = Codex Parisino-Petropolitanus 02.jpg
| image3            =
| footer            = Arabic miniature
| direction         = vertical
}}
Arab miniaturists got totally assimilated and subsequently disappeared due to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] occupation of the Arab world. Nearly all forms of Islamic miniatures ([[Persian miniature]]s, [[Ottoman miniature]]s and [[Mughal miniature]]s) owe their existences to Arabic miniatures, as Arab patrons were the first to demand the production of illuminated manuscripts in the Caliphate, it was not until the 14th century that the artistic skill reached the non-Arab regions of the Caliphate.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mihram|first=Danielle|title=Research Guides: Medieval Studies and Research: Manuscripts: Art & Techniques|url=https://libguides.usc.edu/MedRenMSSandRareMatStudies/artandtechniques|access-date=27 May 2022|website=libguides.usc.edu}}</ref><ref name="DavidCollection2">{{Cite web|title=Miniature Painting|url=https://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/materials/miniatures|access-date=30 December 2017|publisher=The David Collection}}</ref><ref name="MMA19332">{{Cite journal|date=October 1933|title=Islamic Miniature Painting and Book Illumination|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3255467.pdf.bannered.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art|volume=28|issue=10|pages=166–171|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406001359/https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3255467.pdf.bannered.pdf|archive-date=6 April 2012|access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dutton|first=Yasin|date=2016|title=Review of Qur'ans of the Umayyads: A First Overview (Leiden Studies in Islam & Society), François Déroche|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44031130|journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies|volume=18|issue=1|pages=153–157|doi=10.3366/jqs.2016.0227|issn=1465-3591|jstor=44031130}}</ref><ref>''La Peinture arabe''</ref>

Despite the considerable changes in Arabic miniature style and technique, even during their last decades, the early [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] Arab influence could still be noticed. Arabic miniature artists include [[Ismail al-Jazari]], who illustrated his own ''Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices.''<ref name="Jazari2">al-Jazari, ''The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: Kitáb fí ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya'', transl. & anno. [[Donald Hill|Donald R. Hill]]. (1973), [[Springer Science+Business Media]].</ref>

The Abbasid artist, [[Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti|Yahya Al-Wasiti]], who probably lived in [[Baghdad]] in the late Abbasid era (12th to 13th-centuries), was one of the pre-eminent exponents of the Baghdad school. In the period 1236–1237, he transcribed and illustrated the book ''Maqamat'' (also known as the ''Assemblies'' or the ''Sessions''), a series of anecdotes of social satire written by [[Al-Hariri of Basra]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Baghdad school – Islamic art|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Baghdad-school|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> The narrative concerns the travels of a middle-aged man as he uses his charm and eloquence to swindle his way across the Arabic world.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315121970|title=Art, Awakening, and Modernity in the Middle East|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1315121970|editor-last=Esanu|editor-first=Octavian|doi=10.4324/9781315121970}}</ref>[[File:Egitto,_cairo,_placca_decorativa_in_avorio,_XI_sec_-_Louvre_-_OA_6265-1.jpg|thumb|Arabesque pattern behind hunters on [[Ivory carving|ivory plaque]], 11th–12th century, Egypt]]
With most surviving Arabic [[manuscript]]s in western museums,<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 August 2017|title=الكنوز الضائعة.. هكذا انتقلت أشهر المخطوطات العربية إلى مكتبات العالم المختلفة|url=https://www.sasapost.com/arabic-manuscripts-in-foreign-libraries/|access-date=27 May 2022|website=ساسة بوست|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005024423/https://www.sasapost.com/arabic-manuscripts-in-foreign-libraries/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Arabic miniatures occupy very little space in modern Arab culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thābit|first1=Mahmūd|last2=Albin|first2=Michael W.|date=1977|title=The Tragedy of Arabic Manuscripts, (1)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29785032|journal=MELA Notes|issue=12|pages=16–19|issn=0364-2410|jstor=29785032}}</ref> [[Arabesque]] is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fleming|first1=John|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofdeco00john|title=Dictionary of the Decorative Arts|last2=Honour|first2=Hugh|publisher=Penguin|year=1977|isbn=978-0670820474}}</ref> often combined with other elements. Another definition is "Foliate ornament, typically using leaves, derived from stylised [[half-palmette]]s, which were combined with spiralling stems".<ref>Rawson, 236</ref> It usually consists of a single design which can be 'tiled' or seamlessly repeated as many times as desired.<ref name="RobinsonIllustrated2">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Francis|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0521669931|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arts of the Islamic World (article)|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-islam/beginners-guide-islamic-world-art/beginners-guide-islamic-art/a/arts-of-the-islamic-world|website=Khan Academy}}</ref>