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== References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=NASA_2015>{{cite web | title=Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics | url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?planet_phys_par | publisher=[[NASA]] | date=5 November 2008 | access-date=26 August 2015 | archive-date=7 September 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907215218/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?planet_phys_par | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Margot_et_al_2021>{{cite journal | title=Spin state and moment of inertia of Venus | display-authors=3 | last1=Margot | first1=Jean-Luc | last2=Campbell | first2=Donald B. | last3=Giorgini | first3=Jon D. | last4=Jao | first4=Joseph S. | last5=Snedeker | first5=Lawrence G. | last6=Ghigo | first6=Frank D. | last7=Bonsall | first7=Amber | journal=Nature Astronomy | date=29 April 2021 | volume=5 | issue=7 | pages=676–683 | doi=10.1038/s41550-021-01339-7 | arxiv=2103.01504 | bibcode=2021NatAs...5..676M | s2cid=232092194 }}</ref> <ref name="American Chemical Society 2013">{{cite web | title=Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures | website=American Chemical Society | date=18 July 2013 | url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html | access-date=3 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127144936/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html |archive-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> <ref name="horizons">{{cite web | title=Horizons Web-Interface for Venus (Major Body=2) | last=Yeomans | first=Donald K. | url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%272000-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272000-01-02%27&STEP_SIZE=%27200%20years%27&CENTER=%27@Sun%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27 | work=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System]] | access-date=30 November 2010 | archive-date=18 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818120948/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%272000-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272000-01-02%27&STEP_SIZE=%27200%20years%27&CENTER=%27%40Sun%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27 | url-status=live }}—Select "Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements", "Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02". ("Target Body: Venus" and "Center: Sun" should be set to default.) Results are instantaneous [[osculating orbit|osculating]] values at the precise [[J2000]] epoch.</ref> <ref name="radiation-levels">{{Cite journal | last1=Herbst | first1=K. | last2=Banjac | first2=S | last3=Atri D. | last4=Nordheim | first4=T. A | title=Revisiting the cosmic-ray induced Venusian radiation dose in the context of habitability | url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/01/aa36968-19/aa36968-19.html | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=633 | date=1 January 2020 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936968 | arxiv=1911.12788 | bibcode=2020A&A...633A..15H | s2cid=208513344 | issn=0004-6361 | at=Fig. 6 | access-date=20 November 2021 | archive-date=5 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205150049/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/01/aa36968-19/aa36968-19.html | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Lexico_Venusian>{{Cite encyclopedia | title=Venusian | dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Venusian | url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323093029/https://www.lexico.com/definition/venusian }}{{break}}{{MW|Venusian}}</ref> <!--<ref name=Walker_2017>{{cite web | title=Viewing Venus in Broad Daylight | first=John | last=Walker | work=Fourmilab Switzerland | access-date=19 April 2017 | archive-date=29 March 2017 | url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/venus_daytime/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329024632/https://www.fourmilab.ch/images/venus_daytime/ | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Lawrence_2005>{{cite web | title=In Search of the Venusian Shadow | last=Lawrence | first=Pete | date=2005 | website=Digitalsky.org.uk | access-date=13 June 2012 | url=http://www.digitalsky.org.uk/venus/shadow-of-venus.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611003523/http://www.digitalsky.org.uk/venus/shadow-of-venus.html | archive-date=11 June 2012 }}</ref>--> <ref name=Souami_Souchay_2012>{{cite journal | title=The solar system's invariable plane | last1=Souami | first1=D. | last2=Souchay | first2=J. | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=543 | id=A133 | page=11 | date=July 2012 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201219011 | bibcode=2012A&A...543A.133S | doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Seidelmann2007">{{cite journal | title=Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006 | last1=Seidelmann | first1=P. Kenneth | last2=Archinal | first2=Brent A. | last3=A'Hearn<!--written A'hearn here, mostly A'Hearn elsewhere--> | first3=Michael F. | last4=Conrad | first4=Albert R. | last5=Consolmagno | first5=Guy J. | last6=Hestroffer | first6=Daniel | last7=Hilton | first7=James L. | last8=Krasinsky | first8=Georgij A. | last9=Neumann | first9=Gregory A. | last10=Oberst | first10=Jürgen | last11=Stooke | first11=Philip J. | last12=Tedesco | first12=Edward F. | last13=Tholen | first13=David J. | last14=Thomas | first14=Peter C. | last15=Williams | first15=Iwan P. | display-authors=3 | journal=[[Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy]] | volume=98 | issue=3 | pages=155–180 | year=2007 | bibcode=2007CeMDA..98..155S | doi=10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y | ref={{sfnRef|Seidelmann Archinal A'hearn et al.|2007}} | doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="iauwg_ccrsps2000">{{cite web | title=Report on the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets and satellites | publisher=International Astronomical Union |date=2000 | url=http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm | access-date=12 April 2007 | archive-date=12 May 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512151452/http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm }}</ref> <ref name="nasa_venus">{{cite web | title=Venus: Facts & Figures | publisher=NASA | url=http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Venus&Display=Facts&System=Metric | access-date=12 April 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929003116/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Venus&Display=Facts&System=Metric | archive-date=29 September 2006 }}</ref> <ref name=VSOP87>{{cite journal | title=Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets | last1=Simon | first1=J.L. | last2=Bretagnon | first2=P. | last3=Chapront | first3=J. | last4=Chapront-Touzé | first4=M. | last5=Francou | first5=G. | last6=Laskar | first6=J. | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] | volume=282 | issue=2 | pages=663–683 | date=February 1994 | bibcode=1994A&A...282..663S}}</ref> <ref name="Konopliv1999">{{cite journal | title=Venus Gravity: 180th Degree and Order Model | last1=Konopliv | first1=A. S. | last2=Banerdt | first2=W. B. | last3=Sjogren | first3=W. L. | journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] | volume=139 |issue=1 |date=May 1999 |pages=3–18 | bibcode=1999Icar..139....3K |doi=10.1006/icar.1999.6086 | url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/20227/1/98-1117.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526121353/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/20227/1/98-1117.pdf | citeseerx=10.1.1.524.5176 }}</ref> <ref name="Mallama_and_Hilton">{{cite journal | title=Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac | first1=Anthony | last1=Mallama | first2=James L. | last2=Hilton | journal=Astronomy and Computing | volume=25 | pages=10–24 | date=October 2018 | doi=10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002 | s2cid=69912809 | bibcode=2018A&C....25...10M | arxiv=1808.01973 }}</ref> <ref name="Mallama_et_al">{{cite journal | title=Comprehensive wide-band magnitudes and albedos for the planets, with applications to exo-planets and Planet Nine | first1=Anthony | last1=Mallama | first2=Bruce | last2=Krobusek | first3=Hristo | last3=Pavlov | journal=Icarus | volume=282 | pages=19–33 | date=2017 | doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2016.09.023 |arxiv=1609.05048 | bibcode=2017Icar..282...19M |s2cid=119307693 }}</ref> <ref name="Haus_et_al">{{cite journal | title=Radiative energy balance of Venus based on improved models of the middle and lower atmosphere | first1=R. | last1=Haus | first2=D. | last2=Kappel | first3=G. | last3=Arnoldb | journal=Icarus | volume=272 | pages=178–205 | date=July 2016 | doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.048 | bibcode=2016Icar..272..178H |url=https://elib.dlr.de/109285/1/Haus%20et%20al%202017_ICARUS.pdf | access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922023312/http://elib.dlr.de/109285/1/Haus%20et%20al%202017_ICARUS.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Hashimoto_et_al_2008">{{cite journal | title=Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data | last1=Hashimoto | first1=George L. | last2=Roos-Serote | first2=Maarten | last3=Sugita | first3=Seiji | last4=Gilmore | first4=Martha S. | last5=Kamp | first5=Lucas W. | last6=Carlson | first6=Robert W. | last7=Baines | first7=Kevin H. | journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets]] | publisher=Advancing Earth and Space Science | volume=113 | issue=E5 | date=31 December 2008 | bibcode=2008JGRE..113.0B24H | s2cid=45474562 | doi=10.1029/2008JE003134 | doi-access=}}</ref> <!-- <ref name=Shiga_2007>{{cite web | title=Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life? | first=David | last=Shiga | work=New Scientist | date=10 October 2007 | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html | access-date=17 September 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324134332/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Jakosky">{{cite book | title=The New Solar System | last=Jakosky |first=Bruce M. | chapter=Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets | editor1-last=Beatty | editor1-first=J. Kelly | editor2-last=Petersen | editor2-first=Carolyn Collins | editor3-last=Chaikin | editor3-first=Andrew | edition=4th | date=1999 | pages=175–200 | location=Boston |publisher=Sky Publishing | isbn=978-0-933346-86-4 |oclc=39464951}}</ref> <ref name=NASA_2019>{{Cite web | title=Moons | website=NASA Solar System Exploration | url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/overview | access-date=26 August 2019 | archive-date=19 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019012033/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/overview/ | url-status=live}}</ref>--> <ref name= "Lopes_Gregg_2004">{{cite book |title=Volcanic worlds: exploring the Solar System's volcanoes | last1=Lopes | first1=Rosaly M. C. | author-link=Rosaly Lopes |last2=Gregg | first2=Tracy K. P. | date=2004 | page=61 | publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] | isbn=978-3-540-00431-8 }}</ref> <ref name=Darling_Venus>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Venus | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science | last=Darling |first=David | location=Dundee, Scotland | url=https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/Venus.html | access-date=24 March 2022 | archive-date=31 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031035229/https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/Venus.html }}</ref> <ref name="SolarSystemEncyclopedia">{{cite book | title=Encyclopedia of the Solar System | last=Taylor | first=Fredric W. | chapter=Venus: Atmosphere | date=2014 | publisher=[[Elsevier]] Science & Technology | location=Oxford | isbn=978-0-12-415845-0 | editor1-last=Tilman | editor1-first=Spohn | editor2-last=Breuer | editor2-first=Doris | editor3-last=Johnson | editor3-first=T. V. | access-date=12 January 2016 | archive-date=29 September 2021 | chapter-url=http://literati.credoreference.com/content/entry/estsolar/venus_atmosphere/0 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929074421/https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/estsolar/venus_atmosphere/0 | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=CWRU_2006>{{cite web | title=Venus | date=13 September 2006 | publisher=[[Case Western Reserve University]] | url=http://burro.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/venus.html | access-date=21 December 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426064658/http://burro.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/venus.html }}</ref> <ref name=Lewis_2004>{{cite book | title=Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System | first=John S. |last=Lewis |date=2004 | edition=2nd | publisher=[[Academic Press]] | isbn=978-0-12-446744-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/physicschemistry00lewi_384 | url-access=limited | page=[https://archive.org/details/physicschemistry00lewi_384/page/n477 463] }}</ref> <ref name=Prockter_2005>{{cite journal | title=Ice in the Solar System | last=Prockter | first=Louise | date=2005 | journal=Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest | volume=26 | issue=2 | pages=175–188 | s2cid=17893191 | url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/02cc/2fe81ee34f2c70e15c5f1d66244ef69a0e06.pdf | access-date=27 July 2009 | archive-date=20 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920195147/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/02cc/2fe81ee34f2c70e15c5f1d66244ef69a0e06.pdf }}</ref> <ref name="Newitz 2013">{{cite web | title=Here's Carl Sagan's original essay on the dangers of climate change | last=Newitz | first=Annalee | website=Gizmodo | date=11 December 2013 | url=https://gizmodo.com/heres-carl-sagans-original-essay-on-the-dangers-of-cl-1481304135 | access-date=3 September 2021 | archive-date=3 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903011006/https://gizmodo.com/heres-carl-sagans-original-essay-on-the-dangers-of-cl-1481304135 | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Weather>{{Cite web | title=The Planet Venus | url=https://www.weather.gov/fsd/venus | access-date=17 August 2021 | archive-date=7 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807222839/https://www.weather.gov/fsd/venus | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Halliday_2020>{{Cite journal | title=The origins of volatiles in the terrestrial planets | last=Halliday | first=Alex N. | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703712006680 | journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta | volume=105 | pages=146–171 | date=15 March 2013 | doi=10.1016/j.gca.2012.11.015 | bibcode=2013GeCoA.105..146H | issn=0016-7037 | access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=29 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929074423/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016703712006680 | url-status=live | url-access=subscription }}</ref> <ref name=Owen_et_al_1992>{{Cite journal |title=Possible cometary origin of heavy noble gases in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth and Mars |last1=Owen | first1=Tobias | last2=Bar-Nun | first2=Akiva | last3=Kleinfeld | first3=Idit | journal=Nature | date=July 1992 | volume=358 | issue=6381 | pages=43–46 | doi=10.1038/358043a0 | pmid=11536499 | bibcode=1992Natur.358...43O | s2cid=4357750 | issn=1476-4687 | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/358043a0 | access-date=14 July 2020 | archive-date=29 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929074421/https://www.nature.com/articles/358043a0 | url-status=live | url-access=subscription }}</ref> <ref name=Pepin_1991>{{Cite journal | title=On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles | last=Pepin | first=Robert O. | journal=Icarus | date=1 July 1991 | volume=92 | issue=1 | pages=2–79 | doi=10.1016/0019-1035(91)90036-S | bibcode=1991Icar...92....2P | issn=0019-1035 }}</ref> <ref name=Namiki_Solomon_1998>{{Cite journal | title=Volcanic degassing of argon and helium and the history of crustal production on Venus | last1=Namiki | first1=Noriyuki | last2=Solomon | first2=Sean C. | journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets | volume=103 | issue=E2 | pages=3655–3677 | year=1998 | doi=10.1029/97JE03032 | doi-access=free | bibcode=1998JGR...103.3655N | issn=2156-2202 }}</ref> <ref name="O'Rurke_Korenaga_2015">{{Cite journal | title=Thermal evolution of Venus with argon degassing | last1=O'Rourke | first1=Joseph G. | last2=Korenaga | first2=Jun | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103515003000 | journal=Icarus | date=1 November 2015 | volume=260 | pages=128–140 | doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2015.07.009 | bibcode=2015Icar..260..128O | issn=0019-1035| url-access=subscription }}</ref> <ref name="baas39_540">{{Cite journal | title=Searching for Evidence of Past Oceans on Venus | last1=Grinspoon |first1=David H. |author-link=David Grinspoon | last2=Bullock |first2=M. A. | journal=[[Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society]] | volume=39 | page=540 | date=October 2007 | bibcode=2007DPS....39.6109G }}</ref> <ref name="Kasting">{{cite journal | title=Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus | last=Kasting |first=J. F. |author-link=James Kasting | journal=Icarus | year=1988 | volume=74 | issue=3 | pages=472–494 | doi=10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9 | pmid=11538226 | bibcode=1988Icar...74..472K | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1253896 | access-date=25 June 2019 | archive-date=7 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207210741/https://zenodo.org/record/1253896 | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Mullen_2002>{{cite web | title=Venusian Cloud Colonies | first=Leslie | last=Mullen | work=Astrobiology Magazine | date=13 November 2002 | url=http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/venusian-cloud-colonies/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816070045/http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/venusian-cloud-colonies/ | archive-date=16 August 2014 }}</ref> <ref name=Landis_2003>{{cite journal | title=Astrobiology: The Case for Venus | first=Geoffrey A. | last=Landis | author-link=Geoffrey A. Landis | journal=Journal of the British Interplanetary Society | volume=56 | issue=7–8 | pages=250–254 | date=July 2003 | id=NASA/TM—2003-212310 | bibcode=2003JBIS...56..250L | url=http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2003/TM-2003-212310.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807004311/http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2003/TM-2003-212310.pdf | archive-date=7 August 2011 }}</ref> <ref name="Cockell1999">{{cite journal | title=Life on Venus | last=Cockell | first=Charles S. | author-link=Charles S. Cockell | journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] | volume=47 | issue=12 | pages=1487–1501 | date=December 1999 | doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00036-7 | bibcode=1999P&SS...47.1487C}}</ref> <ref name=Drake_2020>{{cite news | title=Possible sign of life on Venus stirs up heated debate | last=Drake | first=Nadia | author-link=Nadia Drake | work=National Geographic | date=14 September 2020 | url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/09/possible-sign-of-life-found-on-venus-phosphine-gas/ | access-date=14 September 2020 | archive-date=14 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914153820/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/09/possible-sign-of-life-found-on-venus-phosphine-gas/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=Greaves_et_al_2020>{{cite journal | title=Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus | last1=Greaves | first1=J. S. | last2=Richards | first2=A. M. S. | last3=Bains |first3=W. | first4=P. B. | last4=Rimmer | first5=H. | last5=Sagawa | first6=D. L. | last6=Clements | first7=S. | last7=Seager | first8=J. 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S. | last9=Richards | journal=Astrobiology | year=2021 | volume=21 | issue=10 | pages=1277–1304 | doi=10.1089/ast.2020.2352 | pmid=34283644 | arxiv=2009.06499 | bibcode=2021AsBio..21.1277B|s2cid=221655331}}</ref> <ref name=Perkins_2020>{{cite news | title=Curious and unexplained | first=Sid | last=Perkins | work=Science | date=14 September 2020 | url=https://www.science.org/content/article/curious-and-unexplained-gas-spotted-venus-s-atmosphere-also-spewed-microbes-earth | access-date=14 September 2020 | archive-date=14 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914191458/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/09/curious-and-unexplained-gas-spotted-venus-s-atmosphere-also-spewed-microbes-earth | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Seager_et_al_2020>{{cite journal | title=The Venusian Lower Atmosphere Haze as a Depot for Desiccated Microbial Life: A Proposed Life Cycle for Persistence of the Venusian Aerial Biosphere | first1=Sara | last1=Seager | first2=Janusz J. | last2=Petkowski | first3=Peter | last3=Gao | first4=William | last4=Bains | first5=Noelle C. | last5=Bryan | first6=Sukrit | last6=Ranjan | first7=Jane | last7=Greaves | journal=Astrobiology | date=14 September 2020 | volume=21 | issue=10 | pages=1206–1223 | doi=10.1089/ast.2020.2244 | pmid=32787733 | arxiv=2009.06474 | s2cid=221127006 }}</ref> <ref name="Sample1">{{cite news | title=Scientists find gas linked to life in atmosphere of Venus | last1=Sample | first1=Ian | work=The Guardian | date=14 September 2020 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/sep/14/scientists-find-gas-linked-to-life-in-atmosphere-of-venus | access-date=16 September 2020 | archive-date=5 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205052135/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/sep/14/scientists-find-gas-linked-to-life-in-atmosphere-of-venus | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Kooser_2020>{{cite news | title=NASA chief calls for prioritizing Venus after surprise find hints at alien life | first=Amanda | last=Kooser | agency=CNet | date=14 September 2020 | url=https://www.cnet.com/news/nasa-chief-calls-for-prioritizing-venus-after-surprise-find-hints-at-alien-life/ | access-date=14 September 2020 | archive-date=15 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915075228/https://www.cnet.com/news/nasa-chief-calls-for-prioritizing-venus-after-surprise-find-hints-at-alien-life/ | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Bridenstine_2020>{{cite tweet | user=JimBridenstine | number=1305598182571810822 | date=14 September 2020 | title=Life on Venus? }}</ref> <ref name="Plait1">{{cite web | title=Update: Life Above Hell? Serious doubt cast on Venus phosphine finding | last=Plait | first=Phil | date=26 October 2020 | website=Syfy.com | publisher=[[Syfy]] | url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/update-life-above-hell-serious-doubt-cast-on-venus-phosphine-finding | access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029042824/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/update-life-above-hell-serious-doubt-cast-on-venus-phosphine-finding | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Snellen_et_al_2020>{{cite journal | title=Re-analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus | last1=Snellen | first1=I. A. G. | last2=Guzman-Ramirez | first2=L. | last3=Hogerheijde | first3=M. R. | last4=Hygate | first4=A. P. S. | last5=van der Tak | first5=F. F. S. | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=644 | pages=L2 | year=2020 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202039717 | arxiv=2010.09761 | bibcode=2020A&A...644L...2S | s2cid=224803085 }}</ref> <ref name=Thompson2020>{{cite journal | title=The statistical reliability of 267-GHZ JCMT observations of Venus: No significant evidence for phosphine absorption | last=Thompson | first=M. A. | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters | volume=501 | pages=L18–L22 | year=2021 | issue=1 | arxiv=2010.15188 | doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slaa187 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021MNRAS.501L..18T }}</ref> <ref name=Cordiner_et_al_2021>{{cite journal | title=No evidence of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus from independent analyses | last1=Villanueva | first1=Geronimo|last2=Cordiner|first2=Martin | last3=Irwin | first3=Patrick | first4=Imke | last4=de Pater | last5=Butler | first5=Bryan | last6=Gurwell | first6=Mark | last7=Milam | first7=Stefanie | last8=Nixon | first8=Conor | last9=Luszcz-Cook | first9=Statia | last10=Wilson | first10=Colin | last11=Kofman | first11=Vincent | last12=Liuzzi | first12=Giuliano | last13=Faggi | first13=Sara | last14=Fauchez | first14=Thomas | last15=Lippi | first15=Manuela | last16=Cosentino | first16=Richard | last17=Thelen | first17=Alexander | last18=Moullet | first18=Arielle | last19=Hartogh | first19=Paul | last20=Molter | first20=Edward | last21=Charnley | first21=Steve | last22=Arney | first22=Giada | last23=Mandell | first23=Avi | last24=Biver | first24=Nicolas | last25=Vandaele | first25=Ann | first26=Katherine | last26=de Kleer | last27=Kopparapu | first27=Ravi | journal=Nature Astronomy | year=2021 | volume=5 | issue=7 | pages=631–635 | doi=10.1038/s41550-021-01422-z | arxiv=2010.14305 | bibcode=2021NatAs...5..631V | s2cid=236090264}}</ref> <ref name=NRC_2006>{{cite book | title=Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Venus Missions: Letter Report | author=National Research Council | date=2006 | publisher=The National Academies Press | doi=10.17226/11584 | isbn=978-0-309-10150-9 | url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11584 | access-date=19 January 2021 | archive-date=17 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717231529/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11584 | url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- <ref name=Frazier_2021>{{cite web | title=Parker Solar Probe Primed for Fourth Venus Flyby | last=Frazier | first=Sarah | website=NASA | date=19 February 2021 | url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/parkersolarprobe/2021/02/19/parker-solar-probe-primed-for-fourth-venus-flyby/ | access-date=22 April 2021 | archive-date=22 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422095750/https://blogs.nasa.gov/parkersolarprobe/2021/02/19/parker-solar-probe-primed-for-fourth-venus-flyby/ | url-status=live}}</ref>--> <ref name="Архив фантастики">{{cite web | title=Архив фантастики | website=Архив фантастики | language=ru | url=http://archivsf.narod.ru/1929/sergey_zhitomirsky/index.htm | access-date=2 September 2021 | archive-date=2 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902230735/http://archivsf.narod.ru/1929/sergey_zhitomirsky/index.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Inner Solar System 2015">{{cite book | title=Inner Solar System | editor-last=Badescu | editor-first=Viorel | editor-last2=Zacny | editor-first2=Kris | publisher=Springer International Publishing | year=2015 | isbn=978-3-319-19568-1 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-19569-8 }}</ref> <ref name="Tickle 2015">{{cite web | title=A Look Into Whether Humans Should Try to Colonize Venus Instead of Mars | last=Tickle | first=Glen | website=Laughing Squid | date=5 March 2015 | url=https://laughingsquid.com/a-look-into-whether-humans-should-try-to-colonise-venus-instead-of-mars/ | access-date=1 September 2021 | archive-date=1 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901191020/https://laughingsquid.com/a-look-into-whether-humans-should-try-to-colonise-venus-instead-of-mars/ | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Warmflash_2017>{{cite web | title=Colonization of the Venusian Clouds: Is 'Surfacism' Clouding Our Judgement? | first=David | last=Warmflash | website=Vision Learning | date=14 March 2017 | url=https://www.visionlearning.com/blog/2017/03/14/colonization-venusian-clouds-surfacism-clouding-judgement/ | access-date=20 September 2019 | archive-date=11 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211122431/https://www.visionlearning.com/blog/2017/03/14/colonization-venusian-clouds-surfacism-clouding-judgement/ | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Landis2003">{{cite conference | first=Geoffrey A. | last=Landis | book-title=AIP Conference Proceedings | title=Colonization of Venus | volume=654 | issue=1 | pages=1193–1198 | doi=10.1063/1.1541418 | date=2003 | url=http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/654/1193/1 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711103532/http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/654/1193/1 | archive-date=11 July 2012 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> <ref name=Lawrence_2005>{{cite web | title=In Search of the Venusian Shadow | last=Lawrence | first=Pete | date=2005 | website=Digitalsky.org.uk | access-date=13 June 2012 | url=http://www.digitalsky.org.uk/venus/shadow-of-venus.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611003523/http://www.digitalsky.org.uk/venus/shadow-of-venus.html | archive-date=11 June 2012 }}</ref> <ref name=Walker_2017>{{cite web | title=Viewing Venus in Broad Daylight | first=John | last=Walker | work=Fourmilab Switzerland | access-date=19 April 2017 | archive-date=29 March 2017 | url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/venus_daytime/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329024632/https://www.fourmilab.ch/images/venus_daytime/ | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Jakosky">{{cite book | title=The New Solar System | last=Jakosky |first=Bruce M. | chapter=Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets | editor1-last=Beatty | editor1-first=J. Kelly | editor2-last=Petersen | editor2-first=Carolyn Collins | editor3-last=Chaikin | editor3-first=Andrew | edition=4th | date=1999 | pages=175–200 | location=Boston |publisher=Sky Publishing | isbn=978-0-933346-86-4 |oclc=39464951}}</ref> <ref name=Shiga_2007>{{cite web | title=Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life? | first=David | last=Shiga | work=New Scientist | date=10 October 2007 | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html | access-date=17 September 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324134332/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Brammer 2020">{{cite web | last=Brammer | first=John Paul | title=Love/Hate Reads: 'Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus,' Revisited | website=VICE | date=10 February 2020 | url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/lovehate-reads-men-are-from-mars-women-are-from-venus-revisited/ | access-date=17 April 2023 | archive-date=17 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417234135/https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7j3nm/lovehate-reads-men-are-from-mars-women-are-from-venus-revisited | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Schott 2005 pp. 1509–1510">{{cite journal | title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree | last=Schott | first=G. D. | journal=BMJ | date=22 December 2005 | volume=331 | issue=7531 | pages=1509–1510 | issn=0959-8138 | doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509 | pmid=16373733 | pmc=1322246 }}</ref> <ref name="Parker 1974">{{cite journal | title=Ancient Egyptian Astronomy | last=Parker | first=R. A. | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences | publisher=The Royal Society | year=1974 | volume=276 | issue=1257 | pages=51–65 | issn=0080-4614 | jstor=74274 | doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0009 | bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...51P | s2cid=120565237 }}</ref> <ref name="Quack 2019">{{cite book | title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science | last=Quack | first=Joachim Friedrich | chapter=The Planets in Ancient Egypt | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=23 May 2019 | doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.61 | isbn=978-0-19-064792-6 }}</ref> <ref name="Getty">{{cite web | title=Aphrodite and the Gods of Love: Roman Venus (Getty Villa Exhibitions) | website=Getty | url=https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/aphrodite/venus.html | access-date=15 April 2023 | archive-date=12 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412080715/https://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/aphrodite/venus.html | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Whitney_1986>{{cite journal | title=The Skies of Vincent van Gogh | last=Whitney | first=Charles A. | journal=Art History|date=September 1986 | volume=9| issue=3 | page=356 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-8365.1986.tb00206.x }}</ref> <ref name=Boime_1984>{{cite journal | last=Boime | first=Albert | author-link=Albert Boime | title=Van Gogh's ''Starry Night'': A History of Matter and a Matter of History | journal=Arts Magazine | date=December 1984 | page=88 | url=http://www.albertboime.com/Articles/Dec1984.pdf | access-date=28 July 2018 | archive-date=23 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123150057/http://www.albertboime.com/Articles/Dec1984.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="u3r1a">{{cite journal | title=The deep atmosphere of Venus and the possible role of density-driven separation of CO2 and N2 | last1=Lebonnois | first1=Sebastien | last2=Schubert | first2=Gerald | journal=Nature Geoscience | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=10 | issue=7 | date=26 June 2017 | pages=473–477 | issn=1752-0894 | doi=10.1038/ngeo2971 | bibcode=2017NatGe..10..473L | s2cid=133864520 | url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635402/file/deepatm_persp_rev2.pdf | access-date=11 August 2023 | archive-date=4 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504081028/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635402/file/deepatm_persp_rev2.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Ernst 2022">{{cite web | title=Venus was once more Earth-like, but climate change made it uninhabitable | last=Ernst | first=Richard | website=The Conversation | date=3 November 2022 | url=http://theconversation.com/venus-was-once-more-earth-like-but-climate-change-made-it-uninhabitable-150445 | access-date=21 April 2023 | archive-date=21 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421033219/http://theconversation.com/venus-was-once-more-earth-like-but-climate-change-made-it-uninhabitable-150445 | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Way Del Genio 2020 p.">{{cite journal | title=Venusian Habitable Climate Scenarios: Modeling Venus Through Time and Applications to Slowly Rotating Venus-Like Exoplanets | last1=Way | first1=M. J. | last2=Del Genio | first2=Anthony D. | journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets | publisher=American Geophysical Union (AGU) | volume=125 | issue=5 | year=2020 | issn=2169-9097 | doi=10.1029/2019je006276 | arxiv=2003.05704 | bibcode=2020JGRE..12506276W }}</ref> <ref name="Way Del Genio Kiang Sohl 2016 pp. 8376–8383">{{cite journal | title=Was Venus the first habitable world of our solar system? | last1=Way | first1=M. J. | last2=Del Genio | first2=Anthony D. | last3=Kiang | first3=Nancy Y. | last4=Sohl | first4=Linda E. | last5=Grinspoon | first5=David H. | last6=Aleinov | first6=Igor | last7=Kelley | first7=Maxwell | last8=Clune | first8=Thomas | journal=Geophysical Research Letters | publisher=American Geophysical Union (AGU) | volume=43 | issue=16 | date=28 August 2016 | pages=8376–8383 | issn=0094-8276 | doi=10.1002/2016gl069790 | pmid=28408771 | pmc=5385710 | arxiv=1608.00706 | bibcode=2016GeoRL..43.8376W }}</ref> <ref name="Steigerwald 2022">{{cite web | title=NASA Study: Massive Volcanism May Have Altered Ancient Venus' Climate | last=Steigerwald | first=Bill | website=NASA | date=2 November 2022 | url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/venus-volcanic-climate-change | access-date=5 May 2023 | archive-date=10 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510213318/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/venus-volcanic-climate-change/ | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Tillman 2018">{{cite web | title=Venus' Atmosphere: Composition, Climate and Weather | last=Tillman | first=Nola Taylor | website=Space.com | date=18 October 2018 | url=https://www.space.com/18527-venus-atmosphere.html | access-date=9 May 2023 | archive-date=9 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509122404/https://www.space.com/18527-venus-atmosphere.html | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Davis 2021">{{cite web | title=Why Is Venus So Bright? Here's How Its Proximity to Earth, Highly Reflected Clouds Affects It | last=Davis | first=Margaret | website=Science Times | date=14 July 2021 | url=https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/32272/20210714/why-venus-bright-heres-proximity-earth-highly-reflected-clouds-affects.htm | access-date=11 June 2023 | archive-date=13 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213203043/https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/32272/20210714/why-venus-bright-heres-proximity-earth-highly-reflected-clouds-affects.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="ESA Blog Navigator – Navigator page for active ESA blogs 2012">{{cite web | title=Venus and Earth: worlds apart – Transit of Venus blog | website=ESA Blog Navigator – Navigator page for active ESA blogs | date=31 May 2012 | url=https://blogs.esa.int/venustransit/2012/05/31/venus-and-earth-worlds-apart/ | access-date=11 June 2023 | archive-date=11 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611201608/https://blogs.esa.int/venustransit/2012/05/31/venus-and-earth-worlds-apart/ | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=sci_news_1976>{{cite journal | title=The Unveiling of Venus: Hot and Stifling | journal=Science News | date=19 June 1976 | volume=109 | issue=25 | pages=388–389 | jstor=3960800 | doi=10.2307/3960800 | quote=100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds }}</ref> }}
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