Editing University of Michigan (section)

==Research==

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 400px; font-size:85%; text-align:center; float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em;"
|+ ''R&D statistics, by year''
! 
! colspan=2 | [[National Science Foundation]]
! colspan=2 | [[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]]
|-
| 
| Total R&D<br>expenditures<br>($000) 
| National<br> rank 
| National<br> Academy<br> members 
| National<br> rank
|-
! 2024
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| 139
| {{dash}}
|-
! 2023
| 1,925,875<ref name="ncsesdata"/>
| 4
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
|-
! 2022
| 1,770,708<ref name="ncsesdata">{{Cite web |title = Institution rankings by total R&D expenditures |url = https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/profiles/site?method=rankingBySource&ds=herd |access-date = June 11, 2024 |website = ncsesdata.nsf.gov |publisher = [[National Science Foundation]] }}</ref>
| 4
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
|-
! 2021
| 1,639,645<ref name="ncsesdata"/>
| 3
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
|-
! 2020
| 1,673,862<ref name="ncsesdata"/>
| 2
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
|-
! 2019
| 1,675,805<ref name="ncsesdata"/>
| 2
| 120<ref name="nationalacademy2019">{{Cite journal |last1 = Lombardi |first1 = John V. |author-link = John V. Lombardi |last2 = Abbey |first2 = Craig W. |last3 = Craig |first3 = Diane D. |date = 2020 |title = The Top American Research Universities |url = https://data-apps.ir.aa.ufl.edu/mup/CMUP%20Annual%20Reports/MUP-2020-Top-American-Research-Universities-Annual-Report.pdf |journal = The Lombardi Program on Measuring University Performance |location = Amherst and Gainesville |publisher = The Center for Measuring University Performance, UMass Amherst and University of Florida |access-date = December 16, 2023 }}</ref>
| 10
|-
! 2018
| 1,600,869<ref name="ncsesdata"/>
| 2
| 118<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Lombardi |first1 = John V. |author-link = John V. Lombardi |last2 = Abbey |first2 = Craig W. |last3 = Craig |first3 = Diane D. |date = 2019 |title = The Top American Research Universities |url = https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/mup-2019-top-american-research-universities-annual-report.pdf |url-status = live |journal = The Lombardi Program on Measuring University Performance |location = Amherst and Gainesville |publisher = The Center for Measuring University Performance, UMass Amherst and University of Florida |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210903164811/https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/mup-2019-top-american-research-universities-annual-report.pdf |archive-date = September 3, 2021 |access-date = October 23, 2021 }}</ref>
| 9
|-
! 2017
| 1,530,139<ref name="ncsesdata"/>
| 2
| 113<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Lombardi |first1 = John V. |author-link = John V. Lombardi |last2 = Abbey |first2 = Craig W. |last3 = Craig |first3 = Diane D. |date = 2018 |title = The Top American Research Universities |url = https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/mup-2018-top-american-research-universities-annual-report.pdf |url-status = live |journal = The Lombardi Program on Measuring University Performance |location = Amherst and Gainesville |publisher = The Center for Measuring University Performance, UMass Amherst and University of Florida |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210805190103/https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/mup-2018-top-american-research-universities-annual-report.pdf |archive-date = August 5, 2021 |access-date = October 23, 2021 }}</ref>
| 12
|-
|-
|}

The University of Michigan is one of the twelve founding members of the [[Association of American Universities]], a consortium of the leading research universities in North America. The university manages the fourth-largest research budget of any university in the United States, with total R&D expenditures of $1.925 billion in 2023.<ref name="ncsesdata2021">{{Cite web |title = Table 21. Higher education R&D expenditures, ranked by FY 2021 R&D expenditures: FYs 2010–21 |url = https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf23304/assets/data-tables/tables/nsf23304-tab021.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230608153629/https://www.ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf23304/assets/data-tables/tables/nsf23304-tab021.pdf |archive-date = June 8, 2023 |access-date = June 26, 2023 |website = ncsesdata.nsf.gov |publisher = [[National Science Foundation]] }}</ref><ref name="Forrest 2010">{{Cite book |last = Forrest |first = Stephen R. |url = https://research.umich.edu/content/2010/01/fy09-financial-report.pdf |title = Annual Report on Research and Scholarship FY2009 Financial Summary |date = January 21, 2010 |publisher = Office of the Vice President for Research |location = Ann Arbor |quote = University of Michigan expenditures in support of research, scholarship and creative activity reached a special milestone in Fiscal Year 2009—total expenditures for the year surpassed $1 billion, reaching $1,016,565,913.... The total is an increase of 9.4% over FY2008. Overall, the University's research portfolio remains one of the largest in the country.... |access-date = March 12, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100606135859/https://research.umich.edu/content/2010/01/fy09-financial-report.pdf |archive-date = June 6, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The federal government was the main source of funding, with grants from the [[National Science Foundation]], [[National Institutes of Health]], [[NASA]], [[Department of Defense]], [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]], [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]], and [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA), collectively accounting for over half of the research volume.<ref>{{cite web |title=FY23 Research By the Numbers |url=https://research.umich.edu/news-and-issues/research-annual-reports/fy23/research-by-the-numbers/ |website=research.umich.edu |access-date=December 11, 2024 }}</ref>

The first measurement of the [[magnetic moment]] and spin of free [[electrons]] and [[positrons]] was conducted by [[H. Richard Crane]], an experimental physicist at the university.<ref name="NSF">[https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=92 The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details;HORACE R. CRANE;Professor of Physics]</ref> The university operated the [[Ford Nuclear Reactor]] from 1933 to 1955, during which it conducted extensive research related to nuclear energy. It currently hosts several major research centers focusing on [[optics]], reconfigurable manufacturing systems, and [[wireless integrated microsystems]].

A pioneer in computing technology, the university designed and built the [[Michigan Terminal System]], an early time-sharing computer operating system,<ref>{{Cite web |last = Mills |first = David |author-link = David L. Mills |date = January 23, 2005 |title = Michigan Terminal System |url = https://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/gallery/gallery8.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100614033109/http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills//gallery/gallery8.html |archive-date = June 14, 2010 |access-date = August 31, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Arden |first1 = B. W. |author-link = Bruce Arden |last2 = Galler |first2 = B. A. |author-link2 = Bernard A. Galler |last3 = O'Brien |first3 = T. C. |last4 = Westervelt |first4 = F. H. |author-link4 = Franklin H. Westervelt |date = January 1966 |title = Program and Addressing Structure in a Time-Sharing Environment |journal = [[Journal of the ACM]] |location = New York |publisher = [[Association for Computing Machinery]] |volume = 13 |issue = 1 |pages = 1–16 |doi = 10.1145/321312.321313 |issn = 0004-5411 |eissn = 1557-735X |s2cid = 9302487 |doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last = Topol |first = Susan |date = May 13, 1996 |title = A History of MTS — 30 Years of Computing Service |journal = University of Michigan Information Technology Digest }}</ref> and was involved in the development of the [[National Science Foundation Network|NSFnet]] national backbone, which is regarded as the foundation upon which the global Internet was built.<ref>{{cite web|title=Internet Hall of Fame|url=https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/douglas-van-houweling|accessdate=12 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = Merit's History |url = http://www.merit.edu/about/history/article.php |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207130720/http://merit.edu/about/history/article.php |archive-date = February 7, 2009 |access-date = September 15, 2008 |publisher = Merit Network }}—A university press release called a demonstration of the network (with a connection between the university and Wayne State University) on December 14, 1971, as "a milestone in higher education" and an "historic event."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = Merit Network: History |url = http://www.merit.edu/about/history/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070715115444/http://www.merit.edu/about/history/ |archive-date = July 15, 2007 |access-date = March 21, 2007 |publisher = Merit Network }}</ref> In 2024, the university began collaborating with [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] on high-performance computing and AI research.<ref>{{cite web |title=U-M, Los Alamos National Laboratory to jointly develop Michigan-based AI research center |url=https://news.umich.edu/u-m-los-alamos-national-laboratory-to-jointly-develop-michigan-based-ai-research-center/ |website=news.umich.edu |access-date=May 5, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Join SPARC |url=https://www.lanl.gov/engage/collaboration/about-sparc/join-sparc |access-date = May 5, 2025 |website=lanl.gov }}</ref>

The first inactivated [[flu vaccine]] was developed by [[Thomas Francis Jr.]] and [[Jonas Salk]] at Michigan.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of influenza vaccination |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination/history-of-influenza-vaccination |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date = May 5, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tobin |first=James |title=The First Flu Shot |url=https://heritage.umich.edu/stories/the-first-flu-shot/ |website=heritage.umich.edu |access-date = May 5, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Meiklejohn">Meiklejohn, Gordon N., M.D. "Commission on Influenza." in ''Histories' of the Commissions'' Ed. Theodore E. Woodward, M.D., The Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, 1994</ref> This was the first of many advancements at the university related to vaccination, including the development of a [[live attenuated influenza vaccine]] by [[Hunein Maassab]].<ref name="cite pmid|18662737">{{cite journal | vauthors = Block SL, Yogev R, Hayden FG, Ambrose CS, Zeng W, Walker RE | title = Shedding and immunogenicity of live attenuated influenza vaccine virus in subjects 5–49 years of age | journal = Vaccine | volume = 26 | issue = 38 | pages = 4940–4946 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18662737 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.013 }}</ref> The university also introduced [[histotripsy]], a non-invasive technique that uses focused ultrasound to treat diseased tissue, and has made significant contributions to medical technology with innovations such as the [[Electrocardiogram|EKG]] and [[gastroscope]].<ref>{{Cite web |year = 2010 |title = History |url = http://www.med.umich.edu/1busi/history.htm |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100819203131/http://www.med.umich.edu/1busi/history.htm |archive-date = August 19, 2010 |access-date = August 29, 2010 |publisher = University of Michigan Health System }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = Inventors and Inventions |publisher = Marshall Cavendish Corporation |year = 2008 |isbn = 9780761477617 |location = New York |page = 928 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last = Lessnau |first = Laura |date = December 20, 2008 |title = U-M to buy Pfizer's former Ann Arbor property |url = https://news.umich.edu/u-m-to-buy-pfizer-s-former-ann-arbor-property/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103005426/https://news.umich.edu/u-m-to-buy-pfizer-s-former-ann-arbor-property/ |archive-date = January 3, 2020 |access-date = March 12, 2020 |work = Michigan News |publisher = Office of the Vice President for Communications }}</ref>

In the social sciences, the [[Klein–Goldberger model]], an enhanced macroeconomic model, was developed by [[Lawrence Klein]] and [[Arthur Goldberger]] at the university.<ref>{{cite book |last=Epstein |first=Roy J. |title=A History of Econometrics |location=New York |publisher=North-Holland |year=1987 |isbn=0-444-70267-9 |pages=114–140 }}</ref> [[George Katona]] created [[University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index|consumer confidence measures]] in the late 1940s. [[J. David Singer]] initiated the [[Correlates of War]] project in 1963 to compile scientific knowledge about war.<ref>{{harvnb|CoW Project|2022|loc="History"}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singer |first=J. David |date=1972 |title=The "Correlates of War" Project: Interim Report and Rationale |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/correlates-of-war-project-interim-report-and-rationale/E7C9D294C073BFD8799291F61EECE0E1 |journal=World Politics |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=243–270 |doi=10.2307/2009738 |jstor=2009738 |s2cid=155794978 |issn=1086-3338}}</ref> The [[American National Election Studies]], established with a National Science Foundation grant in 1977, has been based at the university and partnered with [[Stanford University]] since 2005.{{cn|date=January 2025}} The [[University of Michigan Institute for Social Research|Institute for Social Research]], established in 1949, is the nation's longest-standing laboratory for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Frantilla |first = Anne |date = September 1998 |title = Social Science in the Public Interest: A Fiftieth-Year History of the Institute for Social Research |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/ISR.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205080145/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/ISR.pdf |archive-date = February 5, 2009 |access-date = December 25, 2008 |publisher = Bentley Historical Library }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 400px; font-size:85%; text-align:center; float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em;"
|+ 
!
! [[Clarivate]]<br> ([[Web of Science]])
! colspan=3 | [[Nature Index]]
! [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]]
! [[Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities|NTU Rankings]]
! [[University Ranking by Academic Performance|URAP]]
|-
| 
| Highly Cited<br>Researchers
| Share**
| National<br>rank 
| Global<br>rank
| World rank
| World rank
| World rank
|-
! 2024
| 25<ref name="ClarivateHCRsPast"/>
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| 30
| 13<ref name=nturankings>{{cite web |title=NTU Rankings - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor |url=https://nturanking.csti.tw/ranking/bySchoolName/University%20of%20Michigan,%20Ann%20Arbor |website=nturanking.csti.tw |publisher=NTU Ranking |access-date= December 27, 2024}}</ref>
| {{dash}}
|-
! 2023
| 28<ref name="ClarivateHCRsPast"/>
| 380.50<ref name="nature2024">{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = 2024 tables: Institutions – academic |url = https://www.nature.com/nature-index/annual-tables/2024/institution/academic/all/countries-United%20States%20of%20America%20(USA) |access-date = June 22, 2024 |website = natureindex.com |publisher = Nature Index }}</ref>
| 4
| 21
| 26
| 10<ref name=nturankings/>
| 16<ref name="URAP2023-24">{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = URAP 2023-2024 World Ranking |url = https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2023-2024/World_Ranking_2023-2024 |access-date = December 27, 2024 |website = urapcenter.org |publisher = URAP Research Laboratory }}</ref>
|-
! 2022
| 32<ref name="ClarivateHCRsPast"/>
| 372.55<ref name="nature2023">{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = 2023 tables: Institutions – academic |url = https://www.nature.com/nature-index/annual-tables/2023/institution/academic/all/countries-United%20States%20of%20America%20(USA) |access-date = December 16, 2023 |website = natureindex.com |publisher = Nature Index }}</ref>
| 6
| 23
| 28
| 14<ref name=nturankings/>
| 12<ref name="URAP2022-23">{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = URAP 2022-2023 World Ranking |url = https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2022-2023/World_Ranking_2022-2023 |access-date = December 27, 2024 |website = urapcenter.org |publisher = URAP Research Laboratory }}</ref>
|-
! 2021
| 27<ref name="ClarivateHCRsPast"/>
| 338.53<ref>{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = 2022 tables: Institutions – academic |url = https://www.nature.com/nature-index/annual-tables/2022/institution/academic/all/countries-United%20States%20of%20America%20(USA) |access-date = December 16, 2023 |website = natureindex.com |publisher = Nature Index }}</ref>
| 6
| 24
| 26
| 9<ref name=nturankings/>
| 8<ref name="URAP2021-22">{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = URAP 2021-2022 World Ranking |url = https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2021-2022/World_Ranking_2021-2022 |access-date = December 27, 2024 |website = urapcenter.org |publisher = URAP Research Laboratory }}</ref>
|-
! 2020
| 29<ref name="ClarivateHCRsPast"/>
| 398.65<ref>{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = 2021 tables: Institutions – academic |url = https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2021/institution/academic/all/global |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220101003817/https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2021/institution/academic/all/global |archive-date = January 1, 2022 |access-date = December 31, 2021 |website = natureindex.com |publisher = Nature Index }}</ref>
| 4
| 16
| 22
| 9<ref name=nturankings/>
| 8<ref name="URAP2020-21">{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = URAP 2020-2021 World Ranking |url = https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2020-2021/World_Ranking_2020-2021 |access-date = December 27, 2024 |website = urapcenter.org |publisher = URAP Research Laboratory }}</ref>
|-
! 2019
| 37<ref name="ClarivateHCRsPast"/>
| 343.97<ref>{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = 2020 tables: Institutions – academic |url = https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2020/institution/academic/all/global |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220101003817/https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2020/institution/academic/all/global |archive-date = January 1, 2022 |access-date = December 31, 2021 |website = natureindex.com |publisher = Nature Index }}</ref>
| 5
| 19
| 20
| 8<ref name=nturankings/>
| 8<ref name="URAP2019-20">{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = URAP 2019-2020 World Ranking |url = https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/World_Ranking_2019-2020 |access-date = December 27, 2024 |website = urapcenter.org |publisher = URAP Research Laboratory }}</ref>
|-
! 2018
| 38<ref name="ClarivateHCRsPast"/>
| 344.07<ref>{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = 2019 tables: Institutions – academic |url = https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2019/institution/academic/all/global |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220101003816/https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2019/institution/academic/all/global |archive-date = January 1, 2022 |access-date = December 31, 2021 |website = natureindex.com |publisher = Nature Index }}</ref>
| 6
| 19
| 27
| 7<ref name=nturankings/>
| 9<ref name="URAP2018-19">{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = URAP 2018-2019 World Ranking |url = https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2018-2019/world-2018 |access-date = December 27, 2024 |website = urapcenter.org |publisher = URAP Research Laboratory }}</ref>
|-
! 2017
| 20<ref name="ClarivateHCRsPast"/>
| 336.04<ref>{{Cite web |last = <!--Not stated--> |title = 2018 tables: Institutions – academic |url = https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2018/institution/academic/all/global |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220101003819/https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2018/institution/academic/all/global |archive-date = January 1, 2022 |access-date = December 31, 2021 |website = natureindex.com |publisher = Nature Index }}</ref>
| 5
| 16
| 24
| 7<ref name=nturankings/>
| {{dash}}
|-
| colspan=8 style="text-align: left" | **Time frame: January 1 - December 31
|-
|}

The university has been featured in multiple bibliometric rankings that assess its impact on academic publications through [[citation analysis]]. The [[University Ranking by Academic Performance]] for 2023–24 has positioned the university at 16th globally.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2023-2024/World_Ranking_2023-2024 |title=World Ranking 2023–2024 |publisher=Informatics Institute of Middle East Technical University |year=2023 |access-date=December 11, 2024 }}</ref> Additionally, in 2024, the [[Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities]] ranked it 13th worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nturanking.csti.tw/ranking/OverallRanking/ |title=World University Rankings By 2024 |publisher=NTU Rankings |year=2024 |access-date=December 11, 2024 }}</ref> The university has a significant presence in the [[Nature Index]], ranking 6th nationally and 23rd globally among research institutions, with a share of 365.97 and a count of 1199 in 2022.<ref name="nature2023" /> The university boasted 28 researchers who were recognized by [[Clarivate]] as being highly cited in 2023.<ref name="ClarivateHCRsPast">{{cite web |title=Clarivate Highly Cited Researchers Past lists |url=https://clarivate.com/highly-cited-researchers/past-lists/ |website=clarivate.com |access-date=June 14, 2024 |publisher=Clarivate }}</ref> In 2019, the university had 120 faculty members who were national academy members, placing it 10th among its peers in this metric.<ref name="nationalacademy2019" />

The university is a member of the international research association [[Universities Research Association]] and the state-wise [[University Research Corridor]].<ref>{{Cite news |last = Serwach |first = Joe |date = September 22, 2008 |title = URC fuels new industries |url = http://www.ur.umich.edu/0809/Sep22_08/00.php |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100610175743/http://www.ur.umich.edu/0809/Sep22_08/00.php |archive-date = June 10, 2010 |access-date = December 25, 2008 |work = University of Michigan News Service }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = What is Michigan LambdaRail (MiLR)? |url = http://milr.org/ |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020628030018/http://milr.org/ |archive-date = June 28, 2002 |access-date = August 31, 2010 |publisher = MiLR, Michigan LambdaRail }}</ref> The university partnered with [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]] in the [[People's Republic of China]] to establish the UM-SJTU Joint Institute, which operated from 2005 to 2025. The joint institute offered engineering degree programs accredited by the [[Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tang |first=Didi |date=2025-01-10 |title=University of Michigan to end partnership with a Chinese university over national security concerns |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-michigan-university-657f1ac4b2b0ea7af7ca4e0b902c7951 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = November 1, 2000 |title = United States of America – Focal point for biosphere reserves |url = http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/contact.asp?code=USA |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514060053/http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/contact.asp?code=USA |archive-date = May 14, 2011 |access-date = August 29, 2010 |publisher = [[UNESCO]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = University of Michigan pledges steep carbon emission cuts at all three campuses |url = https://www.abc12.com/2021/05/20/university-of-michigan-pledges-steep-carbon-emission-cuts-at-all-three-campuses/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210521100143/https://www.abc12.com/2021/05/20/university-of-michigan-pledges-steep-carbon-emission-cuts-at-all-three-campuses/ |archive-date = May 21, 2021 |access-date = May 21, 2021 |website = www.abc12.com |language = en }}</ref> Undergraduate students participate in various research projects through the [[Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program]] (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title = About UROP |url = http://www.lsa.umich.edu/urop/about |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080923081017/http://www.lsa.umich.edu/urop/about/ |archive-date = September 23, 2008 |access-date = August 28, 2010 |publisher = University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program }}</ref>