Editing Sudan (section)

=== Human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in Sudan|Freedom of religion in Sudan|Slavery in Sudan|Child marriage in Sudan}}
Since 1983, a combination of civil war and [[famine]] has taken the lives of nearly two million people in Sudan.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2001 |url=http://www.refugees.org/news/crisis/sudan.htm |title=Sudan: Nearly 2 Million Dead as a Result of the World's Longest Running Civil War |access-date=10 December 2004 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041210024759/http://www.refugees.org/news/crisis/sudan.htm |archive-date= 10 December 2004 |url-status=dead |author-link=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |author=U.S. Committee for Refugees}}</ref> It is estimated that as many as 200,000 people had been taken into [[Slavery in modern Africa|slavery]] during the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CSI highlights 'slavery and manifestations of racism' |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |date=7 September 2001 |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/25987/sudan-csi-highlights-%E2%80%9Cslavery-and-manifestations-racism%E2%80%9D}}</ref>

Muslims who convert to Christianity can face the death penalty for apostasy; see [[Persecution of Christians in Sudan]] and the death sentence against [[Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag]] (who actually was raised as Christian). According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 88% of women in Sudan had undergone [[female genital mutilation]].<ref name=UNICEF2013p27>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }}, p. 27.</ref> Sudan's [[Status (law)|Personal Status]] law on marriage has been criticised for restricting [[women's rights]] and allowing [[child marriage]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/07/time-to-let-sudans-girls-be-girls-not-brides/|title=Time to Let Sudan's Girls Be Girls, Not Brides|newspaper=Inter Press Service |date=10 July 2013|access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trust.org/item/20131118080551-ikgwx/|title=Sudan worst in Africa with legal marriage at age 10|publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date=15 February 2015|archive-date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215215616/http://www.trust.org/item/20131118080551-ikgwx/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Evidence suggests that support for female genital mutilation remains high, especially among rural and less well educated groups, although it has been declining in recent years.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Geography and correlates of attitude toward Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Sudan: What can we learn from successive Sudan opinion poll data?|journal = Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology|volume = 16|pages = 59–76|doi = 10.1016/j.sste.2015.12.001|pmid = 26919756|first1 = Alexander|last1 = Hamilton|first2 = Ngianga-Bakwin|last2 = Kandala|date = February 2016}}</ref> [[LGBT rights in Sudan|Homosexuality]] is illegal; as of July 2020 it was no longer a capital offence, with the highest punishment being life imprisonment.<ref name="76 crimes">{{cite web |title=Sudan drops death penalty for homosexuality |url=https://76crimes.com/2020/07/15/sudan-drops-death-penalty-for-homosexuality/ |website=Erasing 76 Crimes |date=16 July 2020 |access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref>

A report published by [[Human Rights Watch]] in 2018 revealed that Sudan has made no meaningful attempts to provide [[accountability]] for past and current violations. The report documented human rights abuses against civilians in [[Darfur]], [[South Kordofan|southern Kordofan]], and [[Blue Nile]]. During 2018, the [[National Intelligence and Security Service]] (NISS) used excessive force to disperse protests and detained dozens of activists and opposition members. Moreover, the Sudanese forces blocked [[United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur|United Nations-African Union]] Hybrid Operation and other international relief and [[Aid agency|aid agencies]] to access to [[Forced displacement|displaced people]] and conflict-ridden areas in Darfur.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/sudan|title=World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Sudan|chapter=Sudan: Events of 2018 |date=17 January 2019 |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref>

==== Darfur ====
{{Main|War in Darfur|International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur}}
[[File:Darfur refugee camp in Chad.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.3|Darfur refugee camp in [[Chad]], 2005]]
A 14 August 2006 letter from the executive director of [[Human Rights Watch]] found that the Sudanese government is both incapable of protecting its own citizens in [[Darfur]] and unwilling to do so, and that its [[militia]]s are guilty of [[crimes against humanity]]. The letter added that these human-rights abuses have existed since 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/08/14/sudan13973.htm |date=15 August 2006 |title=Letter to the U.N. Security Council on Sudan Sanctions and Civilian Protection in Darfur |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=4 June 2013 |archive-date=15 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015142144/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/08/14/sudan13973.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some reports attribute part of the violations to the rebels as well as the government and the [[Janjaweed]]. The U.S. State Department's human-rights report issued in March 2007 claims that "''[a]''ll parties to the conflagration committed serious abuses, including widespread killing of civilians, rape as a tool of war, systematic torture, robbery and recruitment of child soldiers."<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-03-06-human-rights_N.htm |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=USA Today |location =Washington DC |title=Darfur Tops U.S. List of Worst Human Rights Abuses |date=6 March 2007 |access-date=8 January 2011}}</ref>

Over 2.8&nbsp;million civilians have been displaced and the death toll is estimated at 300,000 killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3496731.stm |title=Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict |work=BBC News |date=8 February 2010}}</ref> Both government forces and militias allied with the government are known to attack not only civilians in Darfur, but also humanitarian workers. Sympathisers of rebel groups are arbitrarily detained, as are foreign journalists, [[human rights defender|human-rights defender]]s, student activists and displaced people in and around Khartoum, some of whom face torture. The rebel groups have also been accused in a report issued by the U.S. government of attacking humanitarian workers and of killing innocent civilians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2006/sdn-summary-eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103081151/http://web.amnesty.org/report2006/sdn-summary-eng|archive-date=3 November 2006|title=Sudan – Report 2006 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] }}</ref> According to UNICEF, in 2008, there were as many as 6,000 [[child soldiers]] in Darfur.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7796507.stm|title=Africa – Sudan 'has 6,000 child soldiers'|access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>

==== Press freedom ====
{{see also|Media in Sudan}}
Under the government of Omar al-Bashir (1989–2019), Sudan's media outlets were given little freedom in their reporting.<ref name="Silencing">{{Cite news |first=Philip |last=Obaji Jr |date=7 June 2022 |title=The silencing of Sudan's journalists - again |publisher=Al Jazeera Media Institute |url=http://institute.aljazeera.net/en/ajr/article/2216 |access-date=8 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, [[Reporters Without Borders]]' [[freedom of the press]] rankings placed Sudan at 172th of 180 countries.<ref>{{cite press release |author=Reporters Without Borders |date=23 May 2014 |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201405231846.html |title=Sudanese Authorities Urged Not to Introduce "Censorship Bureau" |website=allAfrica.com |access-date=15 February 2015 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> After al-Bashir's ousting in 2019, there was a brief period under a civilian-led transitional government where there was some press freedom.<ref name="Silencing"/> However, the leaders of a 2021 coup quickly reversed these changes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press freedom under siege after military coup in Sudan |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |date=11 May 2021 |url=https://rsf.org/en/press-freedom-under-siege-after-military-coup-sudan |access-date=8 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> "The sector is deeply polarised", Reporters Without Borders stated in their 2023 summary of press freedom in the country. "Journalistic critics have been arrested, and the internet is regularly shut down in order to block the flow of information."<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2023 |title=Sudan |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |url=https://rsf.org/en/country/sudan |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=rsf.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024051256/https://rsf.org/en/country/sudan |archive-date=24 October 2023 }}</ref> Additional crackdowns occurred after the beginning of the 2023 [[Sudanese civil war (2023)|Sudanese civil war]].<ref name="Silencing"/>