Editing Sexism (section)

=== Transgender discrimination ===

{{See also|Transphobia|Healthcare and the LGBT community}}

Transgender discrimination is discrimination towards peoples whose gender identity differs from the social expectations of the biological sex they were born with.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://campusclimate.berkeley.edu/students/ejce/geneq |title=Gender Equity Resource Center |website=University of California Berkeley |access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref> Forms of discrimination include but are not limited to identity documents not reflecting one's gender, sex-segregated public restrooms and other facilities, dress codes according to binary gender codes, and lack of access to and existence of appropriate health care services.<ref name="Grossman 2012">{{Cite web |url=https://verdict.justia.com/2012/05/01/the-eeoc-rules-that-transgender-discrimination-is-sex-discrimination |title=The EEOC Rules That Transgender Discrimination Is Sex Discrimination: The Reasoning Behind That Decision |last=Grossman |first=Joanna L. |website=verdict.justia.com |date=May 2012 |language=en |access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref> In a recent adjudication, the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] (EEOC) concluded that discrimination against a transgender person is sex discrimination.<ref name="Grossman 2012"/>

The 2008–09 National Transgender Discrimination Survey (NTDS)—a U.S. study by the National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force in collaboration with the National Black Justice Coalition that was, at its time, the most extensive survey of transgender discrimination—showed that Black [[transgender people in the United States]] suffer "the combination of anti-transgender bias and persistent, structural and individual racism" and that "black transgender people live in extreme poverty that is more than twice the rate for transgender people of all races (15%), four times the general Black population rate (9%) and over eight times the general US population rate (4%)".<ref>{{cite web |title=Injustice at every turn: A look at Black respondents in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey |url=http://nbjc.org/sites/default/files/trans-adjustment-web.pdf |website=[[National Black Justice Coalition]] |access-date=20 January 2018 |archive-date=February 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220101059/http://nbjc.org/sites/default/files/trans-adjustment-web.pdf}}</ref> Further discrimination is faced by gender nonconforming individuals, whether transitioning or not, because of displacement from societally acceptable gender binaries and visible stigmatization. According to the NTDS, transgender gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals face between eight percent and 15% higher rates of self and social discrimination and violence than binary transgender individuals. Lisa R. Miller and Eric Anthony Grollman found in their 2015 study that "gender nonconformity may heighten trans people's exposure to discrimination and health-harming behaviors. Gender nonconforming trans adults reported more events of major and everyday transphobic discrimination than their gender conforming counterparts."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Lisa R. |last2=Grollman |first2=Eric Anthony |year=2015 |title=The Social Costs of Gender Nonconformity for Transgender Adults: Implications for Discrimination and Health |journal=[[Sociological Forum]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=809–831 |doi=10.1111/socf.12193 |pmid=27708501 |pmc=5044929}}</ref>

In another study conducted in collaboration with the League of United Latin American Citizens, Latino/a transgender people who were non-citizens were most vulnerable to harassment, abuse and violence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://endtransdiscrimination.org/report.html |title=the Survey |publisher=End Trans Discrimination |access-date=March 31, 2015}}</ref>

An updated version of the NTDS survey, called the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, was published in December 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 U.S. Transgender Survey |url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Executive-Summary-Dec17.pdf |website=National Center for Transgender Equality |access-date=January 20, 2018}}</ref>