Editing Recall election (section)

=== United States ===

==== History ====
[[File:Presenting Seattle recall petitions 1910.jpg|thumb|400 px|Submitting petitions for the recall of [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]], mayor [[Hiram Gill]] in December 1910; Gill was removed by a recall election the following February, but voters returned him to the office in 1914]]
Recall first appeared in Colonial America in the laws of the General Court of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] in 1631.<ref>Joshua Spivak, History News Network, http://hnn.us/articles/1660.html</ref> This version of the recall involved one elected body removing another official. During the [[American Revolution]], the [[Articles of Confederation]] stipulated that state legislatures might recall delegates from the [[Continental Congress]].<ref>Article V of the Articles of Confederation provided, "a power reserved to each state, to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the remainder of the Year."</ref> According to New York Delegate John Lansing, the power was never exercised by any state. The [[Virginia Plan]], issued at the outset of the [[Philadelphia Convention]] of 1787, proposed to pair recall with rotation in office and to apply these dual principles to the lower house of the national legislature. The recall was rejected by the Constitutional Convention. However, the anti-Federalists used the lack of recall provision as a weapon in the ratification debates.

Only two governors have ever been recalled. In 1921, Governor [[Lynn Frazier]] of [[North Dakota]] was [[1921 North Dakota gubernatorial recall election|recalled during a dispute about state-owned industries]]. In 2003, Governor [[Gray Davis]] of [[California]] was [[2003 California gubernatorial recall election|recalled over the state budget]]. Additionally, in 1988, a recall was approved against Governor [[Evan Mecham]] of [[Arizona]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Watkins |first=Ronald J. |title=High Crimes and Misdemeanors : The Term and Trials of Former Governor Evan Mecham |publisher=William Morrow & Co |location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-688-09051-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/highcrimesmisdem0000watk/page/194 194–195, 274] |url=https://archive.org/details/highcrimesmisdem0000watk/page/194 }}</ref> but he was impeached and convicted before it got on the ballot.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/13/us/arizona-s-supreme-court-blocks-a-special-gubernatorial-election.html |title=Arizona's Supreme Court Blocks A Special Gubernatorial Election |pages=A20:1 |work=The New York Times |date=April 13, 1988}}</ref>

In [[Alaska]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Kansas]], [[Minnesota]], [[Montana]], [[Rhode Island]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]], specific grounds are required for a recall. Some form of malfeasance or misconduct while in office must be identified by the petitioners. The target may choose to dispute the validity of the grounds in court, and a court then judges whether the allegations in the petition rise to a level where a recall is necessary. Anna Louise Strong, member of the Seattle School board, was recalled from her position in 1918, apparently on grounds that she was supporting extreme labour positions.<ref>"Statement by Anna Louise Strong regarding the proposed recall..." https://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/digital/collection/pioneerlife/id/29098/rec/10</ref> In the November 2010 general election, [[Illinois]] passed a [[referendum]] to amend the state constitution to allow a recall of the state's governor, in light of former Governor [[Rod Blagojevich corruption charges|Rod Blagojevich's corruption scandal]]. In the other eleven states that permit statewide recall, no grounds are required and recall petitions may be circulated for any reason. However, the target is permitted to submit responses to the stated reasons for recall.

The minimum number of signatures to qualify a recall, and the time limit to do so, vary among the states. In addition, the handling of recalls, once they qualify, differs. In some states a recall triggers a simultaneous special election, where the vote on the recall, as well as the vote on the replacement if the recall succeeds, are on the same ballot. In the 2003 California recall election, over 100 candidates appeared on the replacement portion of the ballot. In other states, a separate special election is held after the target is recalled, or a replacement is appointed by the Governor or some other state authority.

The largest amount of recalls in the United States were held in 2021, as 529 officials faced recalls, but it had the lowest amount of successful recalls as only 25 were removed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 10, 2021 |title=Recall elections hit a historic high in 2021 |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/10/politics/recall-elections-increase-governor-school-board/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113104129/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/10/politics/recall-elections-increase-governor-school-board/index.html |archive-date=January 13, 2022}}</ref>

==== 2011 recalls ====
In 2011, there were at least 150 recall elections in the United States. Of these, 75 officials were recalled, and nine officials resigned under threat of recall. Recalls were held in 17 states in 73 different jurisdictions. [[Michigan]] had the most recalls (at least 30). The year set a record for number of state legislator recall elections (11 elections) beating the previous one-year high (three elections).

Three jurisdictions adopted the recall in 2011.<ref name="blogspot1">{{cite web | url=http://recallelections.blogspot.com/2011/12/year-in-recalls-150-recalls-in-2011.html | title=The Recall Elections Blog: The Year in Recalls -- 151 Recalls in 2011 (edited to add another recall)| date=2011-12-27}}</ref>

Of recall elections, 52 were for [[city council]], 30 were for [[mayor]], 17 were for [[school board]], 11 were for [[State legislature (United States)|state legislators]], and one was for a [[prosecuting attorney]] ([[York County, Nebraska]]). The largest municipality to hold a recall was [[Miami-Dade County, Florida]], for mayor.<ref name="blogspot1"/>

The busiest day was November 8 ([[Election Day (United States)|Election Day]]) with 26 recalls. In 34 jurisdictions, recalls were held over multiple days.<ref name="blogspot1"/>

==== Successful recalls ====

===== Alaska =====
*1998 recall of Tim Peters, mayor of [[North Pole, Alaska]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Ex-mayor reimburses North Pole over contested election|url=http://peninsulaclarion.com/stories/031101/ala_031101alaska0180001.shtml|newspaper=[[Peninsula Clarion]]|date=March 11, 2001|access-date=December 22, 2013|archive-date=December 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226010304/http://peninsulaclarion.com/stories/031101/ala_031101alaska0180001.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===== Arizona =====
* 2011 recall of [[Arizona Senate|Arizona State Senator]] [[Russell Pearce]].
*1988 recall of Arizona Governor Evan Mecham. Almost 390,000 signatures were collected to recall Governor Evan Mecham from the governorship of Arizona. Only 216,746 valid signatures were required.

===== California =====
*1913 recall of a judge in [[San Francisco]]<ref name="Merc Kaplan 1st">{{cite news|title=California's 1st judicial recall in 86 years to come before voters in Santa Clara County|first=Tracey|last=Kaplan|location=San Jose, California|work=[[The Mercury News]]|date=February 6, 2018|access-date=June 5, 2018|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/06/5045019/}}</ref>
*1928 recall of [[Lester R. Rice-Wray]], [[Los Angeles, California]], City Council member
*1932 recalls of three judges in [[Los Angeles]]<ref name="Merc Kaplan 1st" />
*1938 recall of Mayor [[Frank L. Shaw]] in [[Los Angeles, California]]
*1995 recall of [[California State Assembly]]man [[Paul Horcher]]
*1995 recall of [[California State Assembly]] Speaker [[Doris Allen (politician)|Doris Allen]]
*[[2003 California gubernatorial recall election|2003 recall]] of [[Gray Davis]], [[Governor of California]]
* 2012 recall of [[Fullerton, California]] City Council members Don Bankhead, F. Richard "Dick" Jones and Patrick McKinley.
* 2018 recall of [[California superior courts|California superior court]] judge [[Aaron Persky]] of [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]] over his sentencing decision in ''[[People v. Turner]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=Judge Persky likely to be recalled|first=Tracey|last=Kaplan|location=San Jose, California|work=[[The Mercury News]]|date=June 5, 2018|access-date=June 5, 2018|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/06/05/early-votes-brock-turner-judge-likely-to-be-booted-out-for-sentence-in-sexual-assault-case/}}</ref>
* 2018 recall of [[California Senate|California State Senator]] [[Josh Newman (politician)|Josh Newman]] over his vote to raise the gas tax<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/democrats-lose-california-state-senate-supermajority-after-recall-vote |title=Democrats lose California state senate supermajority after recall vote |publisher=Fox News |access-date=6 June 2018|date=2018-06-06 }}</ref>
*2020 recall of [[Santa Cruz, California]], city council members Chris Krohn and Drew Glover for workplace misconduct<ref name="2020SantaCruzRecall">{{cite news|url=https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2020/03/03/santa-cruz-early-mail-ballot-voters-take-stance-on-recall/|first=Jessica A.|last=York|title=Voting majority recalls Santa Cruz city councilmen|date=March 3, 2020|publisher=Santa Cruz Sentinel|access-date=June 6, 2020}}</ref>
*[[2022 San Francisco Board of Education recall elections|2022 recall]] of San Francisco Unified School District Commissioners Gabriela López, [[Alison Collins]], and Faauuga Moliga
*[[2022 San Francisco District Attorney recall election|2022 recall]] of [[San Francisco District Attorney's Office|San Francisco District Attorney]] [[Chesa Boudin]]
*2022 recall of [[Big Bear Lake, California]], city council member Alan Lee<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Alan_Lee_recall,_Big_Bear_Lake,_California_(2022) |title=Alan Lee recall, Big Bear Lake, California (2022) |publisher=Ballotpedia |date= |accessdate=2022-12-19}}</ref>
*2023 recall of [[Downey, California]], city council member Catherine Alvarez<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dominguez |first1=Alex |title=Councilwoman Catherine Alvarez recalled in a landslide |url=https://www.thedowneypatriot.com/articles/councilwoman-catherine-alvarez-recalled-in-a-landslide |access-date=February 1, 2023 |work=The Downey Patriot |date=January 31, 2023}}</ref>
*[[2024 Alameda County District Attorney recall election|2024 recall]] of [[Alameda County, California]], District Attorney [[Pamela Price]]
*[[2024 Oakland mayoral recall election|2024 recall]] of [[Oakland, California]], mayor [[Sheng Thao]]

===== Colorado =====
* 2012 recall of Melinda Myers, Clerk & Recorder of Saguache County, Colorado.
* [[Colorado recall election of 2013|2013 recall]] of Colorado [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] State Senator [[John Morse (Colorado politician)|John Morse]]<ref name="Morse&GironRecalled">{{cite news|author= Lynn Barels, Kurtis Lee and Joey Bunch| title=John Morse, Angela Giron ousted in historic Colorado recall election|url=http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_24066168/colorado-senate-president-john-morse-recalled-angela-giron|date=September 10, 2013|newspaper=Denver Post|access-date=September 11, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Colorado recall election of 2013|2013 recall]] of Colorado [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] State Senator [[Angela Giron]]<ref name="Morse&GironRecalled" />
*2015 recall of three school board members in [[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]], [[Colorado]]<ref name="coschoolrecall">Aguilar, John and Yesenia Robles. [http://www.denverpost.com/election/ci_29066338/jeffco-recall-election-brings-out-voters-dougco-school "Jeffco voters choose recall; incumbents losing in DougCo school race"], ''[[The Denver Post]]'', November 3, 2015. (accessed 8 November 2015)</ref>

===== Florida =====
*2011 recall of [[Carlos Alvarez (mayor)|Carlos Alvarez]], Mayor of [[Miami-Dade County, Florida]].
*2011 recall of Natacha Seijas, [[Miami-Dade County]] Commissioner. 
*2020 recall of Sebastian, Florida vice mayor Charles Mauti and city council members Damien Gilliams and Pamela Parris over allegations of malfeasance and alleged Sunshine Law violations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Election Results Archive|url=https://www.voteindianriver.com/electionresultsarchive|access-date=2020-09-16|website=www.voteindianriver.com}}</ref>

===== Idaho =====
*1916 recall of [[J. W. Robinson (Boise mayor)|J. W. Robinson]], Mayor of [[Boise, Idaho]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idahohistory.net/Reference%20Series/0047.pdf |title=Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series, Corrected List of Mayors, 1867-1996|access-date=2010-05-09}}</ref>

===== Iowa =====
*2023 recall of [[Warren County, Iowa|Warren County]] Auditor David Whipple<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rushing |first1=Ty |title=Iowa Voters Oust Conspiracy Theorist From County Elections Post - Iowa Starting Line |url=https://iowastartingline.com/2023/08/29/iowa-voters-oust-conspiracy-theorist-from-county-elections-post/ |access-date=30 August 2023 |work=Iowa Starting Line |date=30 August 2023}}</ref>

===== Louisiana =====
* 2013 recall of Deedy Slaughter, Mayor of [[Port Allen, Louisiana]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wafb.com/story/23989019/port-allen-mayor-deedy-slaughter-recalled|author=WAFB Staff|title=Port Allen Mayor Deedy Slaughter recalled|publisher=WAFB|date=November 16, 2013|access-date=November 18, 2013|author-link=WAFB}}</ref>

===== Maine =====
*2013 recall of six of the seven city council members in [[Old Orchard Beach, Maine]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 11, 2013|title=Maine election results: Old Orchard recalls 6 councilors, Rockland-area, Auburn reject school budgets|work=[[Bangor Daily News]]|url=https://bangordailynews.com/2013/06/11/news/bangor/maine-local-election-results-rockland-area-rejects-school-budget-old-orchard-recalls-6-councilors/|access-date=August 31, 2021}}</ref>

===== Maryland =====
* 2018 recall of [[Bowie, Maryland]], city councilwoman Diane Polangin, over her vote to approve a controversial development project located in her district<ref>{{cite news|last=McNamara|first=John|date=March 12, 2018|title=Woolfley wins big in Bowie District 2 special election|url=http://www.capitalgazette.com/bowie_bladenews/ac-bb-election-0313-story.html|work=The Bowie Blade-News|access-date=March 13, 2018|archive-date=March 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313072101/http://www.capitalgazette.com/bowie_bladenews/ac-bb-election-0313-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===== Massachusetts =====
*2014 recall of [[Fall River, Massachusetts]] Mayor William A. Flanagan
*2015 recall of four selectmen in [[Saugus, Massachusetts]]

===== Michigan =====
*1983 recall of Michigan state senators [[Philip Mastin|Phil Mastin]] and David Serotkin due to their support for a state income tax hike. Loss of these two Democratic lawmakers, along with two special elections won by Republicans, flipped the state senate to GOP control, where it remained until the 2022 Michigan elections.
*2002 recall of [[Woodrow Stanley]], mayor of [[Flint, Michigan]].
* 2011 recall of Michigan State Representative [[Paul H. Scott|Paul Scott]]
* 2012 recall of Janice Daniels, mayor of [[Troy, Michigan]]<ref name="Troy MI Recall Results">{{cite news|title=RECALLED: Troy Mayor Janice Daniels Voted Out of Office|url=http://troy.patch.com/articles/troy-mayor-janice-daniels-recall-election|newspaper=Troy Patch|date=November 7, 2012|access-date=November 7, 2012}}</ref>
* 2023 recall of Stephanie Scott, Clerk of [[Adams Township, Hillsdale County, Michigan|Adams Township, Hillsdale County]]<ref name="adams-twp-recall">{{cite news |last1=Murray |first1=Corey |title=Adams Township supervisor, clerk ousted in recall election |url=https://www.hillsdale.net/story/news/politics/elections/local/2023/05/02/adams-township-supervisor-clerk-ousted-recall-election/70169196007/ |access-date=May 3, 2023 |work=[[Hillsdale Daily News]] |date=May 2, 2023}}</ref>
* 2023 recall of Mark Nichols, Supervisor of [[Adams Township, Hillsdale County, Michigan|Adams Township, Hillsdale County]]<ref name="adams-twp-recall" />

===== Minnesota =====
* 2022 recall of [[Two Harbors, Minnesota|Two Harbors]] mayor Chris Swanson<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=86% of voters vote to recall Two Harbors mayor |url=https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/local/unofficial-results-86-of-in-person-voters-vote-to-recall-two-harbors-mayor |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Duluth News Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

===== Nebraska =====
*1987 recall of [[Mike Boyle]], Mayor of [[Omaha, Nebraska]].

===== New Jersey =====
*1994 recall of officials in [[River Vale, New Jersey]]: Mayor Walter Jones, Councilwoman Patricia Geier, and Councilman Bernard Salmon<ref>{{cite news|title=River Vale Recall Vote Offers Two Slates Split by 911 Issue|last=James|first=Michael S.|date=July 22, 1994|work=The Bergen Record}}</ref>
*2018 recall of [[Mahwah, New Jersey]], mayor William Laforet.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pries|first=Allison|date=Jan 29, 2019|title=Controversial mayor ousted in recall vote|work=[[NJ.com]]|url=https://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2018/11/mahwah_mayor_recall.html|url-status=live|access-date=May 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108112526/https://www.nj.com/bergen/2018/11/mahwah_mayor_recall.html|archive-date=Nov 8, 2020}}</ref>

===== North Dakota =====
*[[1921 North Dakota gubernatorial recall election|1921 recall]] of [[Lynn Frazier]], [[Governor of North Dakota]]

===== Ohio =====
*2016 recall of Mayor and City Council President in [[East Cleveland, Ohio|East Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]<ref name="eastclevelandrecall">Morice, Jane [http://www.cleveland.com/east-cleveland/index.ssf/2016/12/east_cleveland_recall_election.html "East Cleveland mayor, City Council president recalled in special election"], ''[[cleveland.com]]'', December 6, 2016. (accessed 13 December 2016)</ref>
*2010 recall of Jane Murray, Mayor of [[Portsmouth, Ohio]]

===== Oregon =====
*2011 recall of Neal Knight, Mayor of [[Cornelius, Oregon]], and city councilors Mari Gottwald and Jamie Minshall, less than a year after their election, due to unhappiness over their votes to fire the city manager.<ref name="Cornelius, OR, recall">{{cite news|last=Fuller|first=Kathy|title=Cornelius voters oust 'Team 3' from office|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/argus/index.ssf/2011/09/cornelius_voters_oust_team_3_f.html|newspaper=Hillsboro Argus|location=[[Hillsboro, Oregon|Hillsboro, OR]]|date=September 30, 2011|access-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref>
*2008 recall of Carmen Kontur-Gronquist, Mayor of [[Arlington, Oregon]].
*2018 recall of [[Toledo, Oregon]], mayor Billie Jo Smith and two City Council members over allegations of malfeasance, wrongful termination of city employees, and conducting city business at secret meetings<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newslincolncounty.com/archives/208050 | title=A recall sweep in Toledo: Mayor and two councilors removed from office – News Lincoln County | access-date=2018-09-13 | archive-date=2018-09-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913185328/http://www.newslincolncounty.com/archives/208050 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===== Texas =====
*1996 recall of Carrollton Texas Mayor Gary Blanscet and council members Linda Caldwell, Bernis Francis, Stan Hampton, Bob Novinsky, Bert Colter, and Stan Sewell.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
*2011 recall of multiple [[Killeen, Texas]], elected city officials including Mayor Pro Tem Scott Cosper and four city council members.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
*2019 recall of [[Rusk, Texas]], city council members Jan Pate and Ken Ferrara for conduct unbecoming of a council member<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 8, 2019|title=The Cherokeean Herald|pages=5A|work=|url=https://www.thecherokeean.com/editions/257/view/5350/ch_2019-05-08_5350.pdf|access-date=September 9, 2021}}</ref>
*2020 recall of [[McKinney, Texas]], city council member La'shadion Shemwell for conduct unbecoming of a council member<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/La%27Shadion_Shemwell_recall,_McKinney,_Texas_(2020) |title=La'Shadion Shemwell recall, McKinney, Texas (2020) |work=Ballotpedia |date= |accessdate=2022-08-01}}</ref>

===== Virginia =====
*1987 recall of [[James W. Holley, III|James Holley]], Mayor of [[Portsmouth, Virginia]]
*2010 recall of [[James W. Holley, III|James Holley]], Mayor of [[Portsmouth, Virginia]].

===== Washington =====
*1911 recall of [[Hiram Gill]], Mayor of [[Seattle, Washington]]<ref>Burton J. Hendrick, "The 'Recall' in Seattle', ''[[McClure's]]'', October 1911, p. 647–663.</ref>
*2005 recall of [[James E. West (politician)|James E. West]], Mayor of [[Spokane, Washington]].
*2014 recall of Mayor Marilynn Lynn of Bridgeport, WA

===== Wisconsin =====
*1977 recall of County Judge Archie Simonson, Madison, Wisconsin
*1977 recall of five members of the La Crosse School Board, [[La Crosse, Wisconsin]]<ref>'Recall vote removed five in La Crosse,' '''Racine Journal Times,''' August 3, 1977, pg. 7A</ref>
*1992 recall of four members of the La Crosse School Board<ref>'La Crosse removes 4 School Board members,' '''Milwaukee Journal,''' July 15, 1992, pg. A13</ref>
*1996 recall of [[Wisconsin Senate|Wisconsin State Senator]] [[George Petak]]<ref name="state1">{{cite web |url=http://www.legis.state.wi.us/LRB/gw/gw_13.pdf |title=State.wi.us |access-date=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209005806/http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/gw/gw_13.pdf |archive-date=2006-12-09 }}</ref>
*2002 recall of multiple [[Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]], elected county officials including Executive [[Tom Ament|F. Thomas Ament]] (resigned before election); Board Chair [[Karen Ordinans]]; and Board Supervisors Penny Podell, LeAnn Launstein, David Jasenski, Kathy Arciszewski, James McGuigan, and Linda Ryan.  All were recalled due to a retirement pension controversy.<ref>[http://www.legis.state.wi.us/LRB/gw/gw_13.pdf State.wi.us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209005806/http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/gw/gw_13.pdf |date=2006-12-09 }}, Wisconsin Constitution Article XIII, section 12</ref>
*2003 recall of Wisconsin State Senator [[Gary George (Wisconsin politician)|Gary George]]<ref name="state1"/>
*[[2011 Wisconsin Senate recall elections|2011 recall]] of Wisconsin State Senator [[Randy Hopper]]
*2011 recall of Wisconsin State Senator [[Dan Kapanke]]
* 2012 recall of [[Bob Ryan (mayor)|Bob Ryan]], Mayor of Sheboygan, Wisconsin<ref name="Sheboygan, WI, recall">{{cite news|title=Sheboygan mayoral recall: Mayor Bob Ryan ousted from office by challenger Terry Van Akkeren|url=http://www.sheboyganpress.com/article/20120222/SHE0104/120221205/Van-Akkeren-wins-ousts-incumbent-Ryan-historic-mayoral-recall-election|newspaper=Sheboygan Press|location=[[Sheboygan, Wisconsin|Sheboygan, WI]]|date=February 21, 2012|access-date=February 22, 2012|archive-date=February 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225030205/http://www.sheboyganpress.com/article/20120222/SHE0104/120221205/Van-Akkeren-wins-ousts-incumbent-Ryan-historic-mayoral-recall-election|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2012 recall of Wisconsin State Senator [[Van H. Wanggaard]]<ref name="Wisconsin Recall Results">{{cite news|title=Wisconsin June 5 recall election results|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/june-5-recall-election-results-155977565.html|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel|date=June 6, 2012|access-date=June 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606014703/http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/june-5-recall-election-results-155977565.html |archive-date= June 6, 2012 }}</ref>

==== Unsuccessful recalls ====
*1932 recall election of Wisconsin State Senator [[Otto Mueller (Wisconsin politician)|Otto Mueller]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/recall-of-state-officials.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708001052/http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=16581|url-status=dead|title=Recall of State Officials|archive-date=July 8, 2011|website=NCSL }}</ref>
*[[1978 Cleveland recall election|1978 recall]] of Cleveland Mayor [[Dennis Kucinich]]
* 1982 recall of Grant County, Wisconsin Judge William L. Reinecke<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/11/A-judge-haunted-by-five-ill-chosen-words-about-a/7571389937600/ |first1=Richard P. |last1=Jones |date=May 11, 1982 |title=A judge haunted by five ill-chosen words about a...|work=UPI|access-date=2018-06-09|language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143650/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/11/A-judge-haunted-by-five-ill-chosen-words-about-a/7571389937600/ |archive-date=  June 12, 2018 }}</ref>
*1983 recall of [[San Francisco Mayor]] [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*1990 recall of Wisconsin State Assemblyman [[Jim Holperin]]
*2008 recall of [[California State Senate|California State Senator]] [[Jeff Denham]]
*2008 recall of [[Michigan House of Representatives]] Speaker [[Andy Dillon]]
*2009 recall of [[San Jose City Council|San Jose, California City Council]] member [[Madison Nguyen]]
*2009 recall of [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] Mayor [[Don Plusquellic]]
*2010 recall of Mayor [[Doug Isaacson]] in [[North Pole, Alaska]]
*2010 recall of Mayor [[Anthony R. Suarez]] in [[Ridgefield, New Jersey]]
*2011 recall of [[Omaha| Omaha, Nebraska]] Mayor [[Jim Suttle]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holmes |first1=Mike |title=Suttle survives recall |url=https://omaha.com/article/20110125/news01/110129780/ |website=Omaha World-Herald |date=January 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129082423/https://omaha.com/article/20110125/news01/110129780/ |access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=2011-01-29 }}</ref>
*2011 recall of Wisconsin State Senator [[Dave Hansen (politician)|Dave Hansen]]
*2011 recall of Wisconsin State Senator [[Robert Cowles]]
*2011 recall of Wisconsin State Senator [[Sheila Harsdorf]]
*2011 recall of Wisconsin State Senator [[Luther Olsen]]
*2011 recall of Wisconsin State Senator [[Alberta Darling]]
*2011 recall of Wisconsin State Senator [[Robert Wirch]]
*2011 recall of Wisconsin State Senator [[Jim Holperin]]
*[[2012 Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election|2012 recall]] of Wisconsin Governor [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]]
*[[2012 Wisconsin lieutenant gubernatorial recall election|2012 recall]] of Wisconsin Lieutenant Governor [[Rebecca Kleefisch]]
*2012 recall of [[Wisconsin]] State Senator [[Scott L. Fitzgerald]]
*2012 recall of Wisconsin State Senator [[Terry Moulton]]
*2013 recall of La Crosse, Wisconsin City Council President Audrey Kader
*2014 recall of [[Port Orford, Oregon]] Mayor Jim Aubornn
*[[2017 Flint mayoral recall election|2017 recall]] of [[Flint, Michigan]], mayor [[Karen Weaver]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/elections/2017/11/07/flint-mayor-recall-election/107445794/|title=Flint Mayor Weaver wins recall election|date=November 8, 2017|access-date=December 24, 2018|work=[[The Detroit News]]|first=Michael|last=Gerstein}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/07/us/mayor-atlanta-boston-detroit.html|title=Elections Roundup: Incumbents Fare Well in Boston, Detroit and Flint|date=November 7, 2017|access-date=December 24, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
*[[2021 California gubernatorial recall election|2021 recall]] of [[Gavin Newsom]], [[Governor of California]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ronayne|first1=Kathleen|last2=Blood|first2=Michael R.|date=2021-09-14|title=California Gov. Gavin Newsom stays in power as recall fails|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-california-climate-elections-a590782877be099d44f1766b2d138394|access-date=2021-09-14|website=Associated Press|language=en}}</ref>

Note: Wisconsin's Jim Holperin has the distinction of being the only U.S. politician to have been subjected to recall from service in two different legislative bodies: the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1990 and the Wisconsin State Senate in 2011. Both attempts were unsuccessful.<ref>The Milwaukee Journal, April 4, 1990; {{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://gab.wi.gov/elections-voting/2011/recall/july-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821212550/http://gab.wi.gov/elections-voting/2011/recall/july-19 |archive-date=2013-08-21 |access-date=2013-11-16|title=July 19, August 16, 2011 Recall Elections |website= Government Accountability Board }}</ref>

==== Unsuccessful attempts to qualify recall elections ====
* 1967 [[United States Senator]] [[Frank Church]] of [[Idaho]] was the subject of an unsuccessful recall effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.boisestate.edu/special/church/CHURCH1.HTM |first1= R. Gwenn |last1=Stearn |date=17 March 2006 |website=Albertsons Library, Boise State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210191235/http://library.boisestate.edu/special/church/CHURCH1.HTM|url-status=dead|title=Frank Church Chronology|archive-date=February 10, 2009}}</ref> Courts ruled that a federal official is not subject to state recall laws.
* 1988 [[Evan Mecham]], Governor of [[Arizona]], was scheduled for a recall election on May 17 of that year, after a successful petition drive (301,000 signatures).  However, the Supreme Court of Arizona canceled the election, since Mecham had already been removed from office (via impeachment conviction) by the Senate on April 4.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arizona's Supreme Court Blocks A Special Gubernatorial Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/13/us/arizona-s-supreme-court-blocks-a-special-gubernatorial-election.html |pages=A20:1 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 13, 1988}}</ref>
*1992–93 [[Pete Wilson]], Governor of [[California]] was targeted for recall by the ''[[Bite 'Em Back]]'' campaign, which was a [[grassroots]] effort that came about as a result of a piece by ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'' [[columnist]] [[San Jose Mercury News West Magazine|Pat Dillon]], in response to the then-ongoing California budgetary crisis.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://titanyearbook.com/archives/1992/1992-11-18.pdf |journal =Daily Titan |title=Group asks for Wilson's recall |first1=Matt |last1=Cliff |date=November 18, 1992 |access-date=June 18, 2011 |volume=57 |issue=43 |via=Titan Yearbook |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831055440/http://titanyearbook.com/archives/1992/1992-11-18.pdf |archive-date= 2011-08-31}}</ref><ref>''Los Angeles Times'', "[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-10-04-me-780-story.html Valley College:  Wilson Recall Campaign Started]", by Jennifer Case (October 4, 1992 - retrieved on June 19, 2011).</ref> The ''Bite 'Em Back'' campaign also intended to recall then-[[List of Speakers of the California State Assembly|Speaker]] of the [[California State Assembly|Assembly]] [[Willie Brown (politician)|Willie L. Brown]], and then-[[President pro tempore of the California State Senate|President Pro Tem]] of the [[California State Senate|state Senate]], [[David Roberti]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
*2003 [[H. Brent Coles]], mayor of Boise, Idaho, was the subject of a recall petition drive. Coles resigned on February 14, 2003, before the recall drive could proceed.<ref name="coles">[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/15/us/charged-with-getting-free-olympics-trip-boise-mayor-resigns.html "Charged With Getting Free Olympics Trip, Boise Mayor Resigns"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 15, 2003. Accessed 8 November 2015.</ref>
*2009 [[Joseph Cao]] [[U.S. representative]] for [[Louisiana's 2nd congressional district]], was determined to be not subject to recall because of his status as a [[Federal government of the United States|Federal]] office holder.
*2009 a petition failed to garner sufficient signatures to oblige an election for [[Eddie Price III#Failure of recall petition|recall of Eddie Price III]], mayor of [[Mandeville, Louisiana]].
*2009 a petition for [[Malcolm Suber|recall of Stacy Head]], [[New Orleans]] city councilwoman, likewise failed to gain the requisite number of signatures.
*2010 there were two unsuccessful recall petitions for [[Sam Adams (Oregon politician)|Sam Adams]] mayor of [[Portland, OR]].
*2010 there was one unsuccessful recall petition for [[Lisa Poppaw]] city council member of [[Fort Collins, CO]].
*2010 there was one unsuccessful recall petition for [[Antonio Villaraigosa]] mayor of [[Los Angeles]].
*2010, a recall proposal aimed at mayor [[Ron Littlefield]] of [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], failed after a judge of the [[Hamilton County, Tennessee]] [[circuit court]] ruled that too many of the petition signatures were invalid and that the petitioners had failed to properly adhere to the state's recall law, leaving "pages without dates".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chattanoogan.com/articles/article_183480.asp |title= Judge Rules For Mayor Littlefield In Recall Case |date=September 7, 2010 |website=chattanoogan.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909153937/http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_183480.asp |archive-date=2010-09-09}}</ref>
*2011, the [[Tennessee Court of Appeals]] ruled in November that the Hamilton County Circuit Court Judge [[Jeff Hollingsworth]] did not have the jurisdiction in entering an injunction against the Hamilton County Election Commission. In its judgment summary the Appeals Court said, "The trial court acted without jurisdiction in entering an injunction against the Election Commission. The judgment of the trial court is vacated and the complaint dismissed." Mayor Littlefield is continuing legal action to stop the recall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_212673.asp |title= Appeal Court Rules For Recall Group In Littlefield Case |date=November 3, 2011 |website=www.chattanoogan.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104221419/http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_212673.asp |archive-date=2011-11-04}}</ref>
*2011, as part of the [[2011 Wisconsin Senate recall elections]], there were a number of failed recall petitions.  Petitions against senators [[Lena Taylor]] (D), [[Spencer Coggs]] (D), [[Mark F. Miller|Mark Miller]] (D), [[Glenn Grothman]] (R), [[Julie Lassa]] (D), [[Fred Risser]] (D), and [[Mary Lazich]] (R), were unsuccessful.  Many senators had multiple recall petitions filed against them, and in the case of both Wirch and Hansen, one succeeded while others failed.
*2011, an effort to recall [[Governor of Michigan|Michigan Governor]] [[Rick Snyder]] was ended after organizers did not obtain enough petition signatures to appear on the ballot.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mlive.com/lansing-news/index.ssf/2011/09/report_effort_to_recall_michig.html  |website=mlive | title=Report: Effort to recall Michigan governor fizzles| date=2011-09-29}}</ref>
*2011, a petition to recall Idaho Superintendent of Public Instruction [[Tom Luna]] failed to obtain the necessary signatures to force a recall election.<ref name="TomLuna">[http://www.idahopress.com/news/tom-luna-reacts-to-failure-of-recall-efforts/article_2a97e512-a14f-11e0-8afc-001cc4c03286.html "Tom Luna reacts to failure of recall efforts"], Bryan Dooley, ''[[The Idaho Press-Tribune]]'', June 28, 2011</ref>
*2011, an attempt to prompt recall election of [[Trenton, New Jersey]], mayor [[Tony F. Mack]] failed to obtain enough support.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2011/11/committee_to_recall_mayor_mack.html | title=Committee to recall Mayor Mack fails to collect 9,860 needed signatures to force special election| date=2011-11-15}}</ref>
*2011 recall of Alaska State Representative [[Kyle Johansen]], rejected by the state's Division of Elections on October 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krbd.org/2011/10/11/recall-application-rejected/|title=''KRBD,'' "Recall application rejected," October 11, 2011|access-date=June 6, 2012|archive-date=April 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418153334/http://www.krbd.org/2011/10/11/recall-application-rejected/|url-status=dead}}</ref>  Republicans in his district sponsored the recall when Johansen and fellow representative [[Charisse Millett]] left the House's majority caucus in a dispute over Johansen's role in the 27th Legislature.  In 2012, Johansen ran for reelection as an independent and lost by a wide margin;  Millett was reelected.
*2017: In [[Loveland, Ohio]], Mayor Mark Fitzgerald resigned under pressure from a recall effort, and a move to replace him was declared invalid, leaving the city with no mayor for several months.<ref name="WLWT no mayor">{{cite web|title=Loveland Has No Mayor|publisher=[[WLWT-TV]]|date=August 18, 2017|url=http://www.wlwt.com/article/loveland-solicitor-city-has-no-mayor/12029494}}</ref>
*2019: [[Kate Brown]], Governor of [[Oregon]], was the subject of a recall petition due to her support of [[Oregon House Bill 2020]] which also resulted in the [[2019 Oregon Senate Republican walkouts]].
*2020: [[Norman, Oklahoma]] Mayor and four of the eight city councilmembers were the subject of unsuccessful recall initiatives spearheaded by a local{{citation needed span|reason=citations don't support the assertion that this was a white nationalist group or hate group.|chapter of [[White nationalist]]s in response to people of color speaking|date=September 2022}} at a public City Council meeting.<ref name="okiehategroup">{{cite web|title=Mayor and city council recall, Norman, Oklahoma (2020-2021)|publisher=[[ballotpedia.org]]|date=August 24, 2021|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Mayor_and_city_council_recall,_Norman,_Oklahoma_(2020-2021)}}</ref>