Editing Radio-frequency identification (section)

==Regulation and standardization==
To avoid injuries to humans and animals, RF transmission needs to be controlled.<ref name="regs">{{Cite web|url=https://rfid4u.com/rfid-basics-resources/basics-rfid-regulations/|title=RFID Regulations|date=n.d.|website=RFID4U|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>
A number of organizations have set standards for RFID, including the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO), the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC), [[ASTM International]], the [[DASH7]] Alliance and [[EPCglobal]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Kuo-pao|last2=Beaubouef|first2=Theresa|date=2011-04-01|title=Radio frequency identification (RFID) projects for computer science|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.5555/1953573.1953586|journal=Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges|volume=26|issue=4|pages=78–84|doi=|issn=1937-4771}}</ref>

Several specific industries have also set guidelines, including the Financial Services Technology Consortium (FSTC) for tracking IT Assets with RFID, the Computer Technology Industry Association [[CompTIA]] for certifying RFID engineers, and the [[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA) for luggage in airports.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

Every country can set its own rules for [[frequency allocation]] for RFID tags, and not all radio bands are available in all countries. These frequencies are known as the [[ISM band]]s (Industrial Scientific and Medical bands). The return signal of the tag may still cause [[interference (communication)|interference]] for other radio users.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

* Low-frequency (LF: 125–134.2&nbsp;kHz and 140–148.5&nbsp;kHz) (LowFID) tags and high-frequency (HF: 13.56&nbsp;MHz) (HighFID) tags can be used globally without a license.
* Ultra-high-frequency (UHF: 865–928&nbsp;MHz) (Ultra-HighFID or UHFID) tags cannot be used globally as there is no single global standard, and regulations differ from country to country.

In North America, UHF can be used unlicensed for 902–928&nbsp;MHz (±13&nbsp;MHz from the 915&nbsp;MHz center frequency), but restrictions exist for transmission power.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} In Europe, RFID and other low-power radio applications are regulated by [[ETSI]] recommendations [[EN 300 220]] and [[EN 302 208]], and [[European Radiocommunications Office|ERO]] recommendation 70 03, allowing RFID operation with somewhat complex band restrictions from 865–868&nbsp;MHz.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} Readers are required to monitor a channel before transmitting ("Listen Before Talk"); this requirement has led to some restrictions on performance, the resolution of which is a subject of current{{When|date=January 2021}} research. The North American UHF standard is not accepted in France as it interferes with its military bands.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} On July 25, 2012, Japan changed its UHF band to 920&nbsp;MHz, more closely matching the United States' 915&nbsp;MHz band, establishing an international standard environment for RFID.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

In some countries, a site license is needed, which needs to be applied for at the local authorities, and can be revoked.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

As of 31 October 2014, regulations are in place in 78 countries representing approximately 96.5% of the world's GDP, and work on regulations was in progress in three countries representing approximately 1% of the world's GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gs1.org/docs/epc/UHF_Regulations.pdf|title=Regulatory status for using RFID in the EPC Gen 2 band (860 to 960 MHz) of the UHF spectrum|publisher=GS1.org|date=2014-10-31|access-date=2015-03-23|archive-date=2017-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121042759/https://www.gs1.org/docs/epc/uhf_regulations.pdf}}</ref>

[[Technical standard|Standards]] that have been made regarding RFID include:
* [[ISO 11784 and ISO 11785|ISO 11784/11785]] – Animal identification. Uses 134.2&nbsp;kHz.
* [[ISO 14223]] – Radiofrequency identification of animals – Advanced transponders
* [[ISO/IEC 14443]]: This standard is a popular HF (13.56&nbsp;MHz) standard for HighFIDs which is being used as the basis of RFID-enabled passports under ICAO 9303. The [[Near Field Communication]] standard that lets mobile devices act as RFID readers/transponders is also based on ISO/IEC 14443.
* [[ISO/IEC 15693]]: This is also a popular HF (13.56&nbsp;MHz) standard for HighFIDs widely used for non-contact [[smart payment]] and credit cards.
* [[ISO/IEC 18000]]: Information technology—Radio frequency identification for item management:
* [[ISO/IEC 18092]] Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Near Field Communication—Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1)
* [[ISO 18185]]: This is the industry standard for electronic seals or "e-seals" for tracking cargo containers using the 433&nbsp;MHz and 2.4&nbsp;GHz frequencies.
* [[ISO/IEC 21481]] Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol −2 (NFCIP-2)
* [[ASTM]] D7434, Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Transponders on Palletized or Unitized Loads
* [[ASTM]] D7435, Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Transponders on Loaded Containers
* [[ASTM]] D7580, Standard Test Method for Rotary Stretch Wrapper Method for Determining the Readability of Passive RFID Transponders on Homogenous Palletized or Unitized Loads
* ISO 28560-2— specifies encoding standards and data model to be used within libraries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50997|title=ISO 28560-2:2011 – Information and documentation – RFID in libraries – Part 2: Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962|website=www.iso.org|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref>

In order to ensure global interoperability of products, several organizations have set up additional standards for [[RFID testing]]. These standards include conformance, performance and interoperability tests.{{Citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=July 2021}}

===EPC Gen2===
EPC Gen2 is short for ''EPCglobal UHF Class 1 Generation 2''.

EPCglobal, a joint venture between [[GS1]] and GS1 US, is working on international standards for the use of mostly passive RFID and the [[Electronic Product Code]] (EPC) in the identification of many items in the [[supply chain]] for companies worldwide.

One of the missions of EPCglobal was to simplify the Babel of protocols prevalent in the RFID world in the 1990s. Two tag air interfaces (the protocol for exchanging information between a tag and a reader) were defined (but not ratified) by EPCglobal prior to 2003. These protocols, commonly known as Class 0 and Class 1, saw significant commercial implementation in 2002–2005.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://rfid4u.com/rfid-basics-resources/how-to-select-a-correct-rfid-tag-standards-mandates/|title = RFID Standards and Mandates}}</ref>

In 2004, the Hardware Action Group created a new protocol, the Class 1 Generation 2 interface, which addressed a number of problems that had been experienced with Class 0 and Class 1 tags. The EPC Gen2 standard was approved in December 2004. This was approved after a contention from [[Intermec]] that the standard may infringe a number of their RFID-related patents. It was decided that the standard itself does not infringe their patents, making the standard royalty free.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Mark|last=Roberti|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1293|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122130824/http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1293|archive-date=November 22, 2008|title= EPCglobal Ratifies Gen 2 Standard|publisher=RFID Journal|date=2004-12-16|access-date = 2011-07-07}}</ref> The EPC Gen2 standard was adopted with minor modifications as ISO 18000-6C in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Mary|last=Catherine O'Connor|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/2481/1/1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128111939/http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/2481/1/1|archive-date=January 28, 2008|title= Gen 2 EPC Protocol Approved as ISO 18000-6C|publisher=RFID Journal|date=2004-07-12|access-date = 2011-07-07}}</ref>

In 2007, the lowest cost of Gen2 EPC inlay was offered by the now-defunct company SmartCode, at a price of $0.05 apiece in volumes of 100 million or more.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Mark|last=Roberti|url=http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/2295/1/128/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819212628/http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/2295/1/128/|archive-date=August 19, 2006|title= A 5-Cent Breakthrough|publisher=RFID Journal|date=2006-05-06|access-date = 2007-01-26}}</ref>