Editing Psychology (section)

=== Health, well-being, and social change ===
{{see also|Health psychology|Social issues|Occupational health psychology}}

====Social change====
An example of the contribution of psychologists to social change involves the research of [[Kenneth B. Clark|Kenneth]] and [[Mamie Phipps Clark]]. These two African American psychologists studied segregation's adverse psychological impact on Black children. Their research findings played a role in the desegregation case ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' (1954).<ref>Guthrie, ''Even the Rat was White'' (1998), Chapter 7: "Production of Black Psychologists in America" (pp. 155–213).</ref>

The impact of psychology on social change includes the discipline's broad influence on teaching and learning. Research has shown that compared to the "whole word" or "whole language" approach, the phonics approach to reading instruction is more efficacious.<ref>Chall, J. S. (1995). ''Learning to read: The great debate'', 3rd ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace.</ref>

====Medical applications====
Medical facilities increasingly employ psychologists to perform various roles. One aspect of health psychology is the [[psychoeducation]] of patients: instructing them in how to follow a medical regimen. Health psychologists can also educate doctors and conduct research on patient compliance.<ref>Marilu Price Berry, "Interdisciplinary Medical Setting: The Multiple Roles of a Health Psychologist" in Morgan et al. (ed.), ''Life After Graduate School in Psychology'' (2005).</ref><ref>Robiner, W. N., & Seime, R. J. (2008). Psychologists in academic health centers: Traditions and innovations in education, science, and practice. ''Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 15'', 3–6. {{doi|10.1007/s10880-008-9091-1}}</ref> Psychologists in the field of public health use a wide variety of interventions to influence human behavior. These range from public relations campaigns and outreach to governmental laws and policies. Psychologists study the composite influence of all these different tools in an effort to influence whole populations of people.<ref>Monica L. Baskin, "Public Health: Career Opportunities for Psychologists in Public Health", in Morgan et al. (ed.), ''Life After Graduate School in Psychology'' (2005). "Prevention strategies of late have largely concentrated on community-based interventions, which have been shown to be effective in changing the health of large populations. Behavioral and social scientists, such as psychologists, are helpful in this arena as we are trained to view individuals as belonging to complex and dynamic social systems, including immediate and extended family systems, acquaintance and friendship networks, neighborhood and community systems, and cultural groups (Schneiderman & Spee4, 2001)."</ref>

====Worker health, safety and wellbeing====
Psychologists work with organizations to apply findings from psychological research to improve the health and well-being of employees. Some work as external consultants hired by organizations to solve specific problems, whereas others are full-time employees of the organization. Applications include conducting surveys to identify issues and designing interventions to make work healthier. Some of the specific health areas include:
* Accidents and injuries: A major contribution is the concept of [[safety climate]], which is employee shared perceptions of the behaviors that are encouraged (e.g., wearing safety gear) and discouraged (not following safety rules) at work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zohar |first=Dov |date=2010 |title=Thirty years of safety climate research: Reflections and future directions |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0001457509003339 |journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention |language=en |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=1517–1522 |doi=10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.019}}</ref> Organizations with strong safety climates have fewer [[work accidents]] and injuries.<ref>Beus, J. M., McCord, M. A., & Zohar, D. (2016). "Workplace safety:A review and research synthesis". ''Organizational Psychology Review'', 6, 352-381. {{doi|10.1177/2041386615626243}}.</ref>
* [[Cardiovascular disease]]: Cardiovascular disease has been related to lack of [[Job control (workplace)|job control]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clays |first1=Els |last2=De Bacquer |first2=Dirk |last3=Delanghe |first3=Joris |last4=Kittel |first4=France |last5=Van Renterghem |first5=Lieve |last6=De Backer |first6=Guy |date=September 2005 |title=Associations between dimensions of job stress and biomarkers of inflammation and infection |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16155472/ |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=878–883 |doi=10.1097/01.jom.0000171056.22917.ad |issn=1076-2752 |pmid=16155472|hdl=1854/LU-321816 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* Mental health: Exposure to [[occupational stress]] is associated with mental health disorder.<ref>Brown, A. D., Schultebraucks, K., Qian, M., Li, M., Horesh, D., Siegel, C., Brody, Y., Amer, A. M., Lev-Ari, R. K., Mas, F., Marmar, C. R., & Farmer, J. (2020). "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/global-mental-health/article/mental-health-disorders-and-utilization-of-mental-healthcare-services-in-united-nations-personnel/45E0B57C295A276E108B22F3E95694FD Mental health disorders and utilization of mental healthcare services in United Nations personnel]". ''Global Mental Health'', 7. {{doi|10.1017/gmh.2019.29}}.</ref>
* [[Musculoskeletal disorder]]: These are injuries in bones, nerves and tendons due to overexertion and repetitive strain. They have been linked to job satisfaction and workplace stress.<ref>Amiri, S., & Behnezhad, S. (2020). "Is job strain a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 longitudinal studies". ''Public Health'', 181, 158-167. {{doi|10.1016/j.puhe.2019.11.023}}.</ref>
* Physical health symptoms: Occupational stress has been linked to physical symptoms such as digestive distress and headache.<ref>Nixon, A. E., Mazzola, J. J., Bauer, J., Krueger, J. R., & Spector, P. E. (2011). "Can work make you sick? A meta-analysis of the relationships between job stressors and physical symptoms". ''Work & Stress'', 25, 1-22. {{doi|10.1080/02678373.2011.569175}}.</ref>
* [[Workplace violence]]: Violence prevention climate is related to being physically assaulted and psychologically mistreated at work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Liu-Qin |last2=Caughlin |first2=David E. |last3=Gazica |first3=Michele W. |last4=Truxillo |first4=Donald M. |last5=Spector |first5=Paul E. |date=July 2014 |title=Workplace mistreatment climate and potential employee and organizational outcomes: A meta-analytic review from the target's perspective. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0036905 |journal=Journal of Occupational Health Psychology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=315–335 |doi=10.1037/a0036905 |pmid=24885687 |issn=1939-1307}}</ref>
Interventions that improve climates are a way to address accidents and violence. Interventions that reduce stress at work or provide employees with tools to better manage it can help in areas where stress is an important component.

Industrial psychology became interested in worker fatigue during World War I, when government ministers in Britain were concerned about the impact of fatigue on workers in munitions factories but not other types of factories.<ref>Hochschild, A. (2011). ''To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914–1918''. {{ISBN|978-0-547-75031-6}}.</ref><ref name="Kreis">Kreis, S. (1995). Early experiments in British scientific management: the Health of Munitions Workers' Committee, 1915-1920. ''Journal of Management History (archive), 1'', 65-78. {{doi|10.1108/13552529510088330}}.</ref> In the U. K. some interest in worker [[well-being]] emerged with the efforts of [[Charles Samuel Myers]] and his National Institute of Industrial Psychology (NIIP) during the inter-War years.<ref>Kwiatkowski, R., Duncan, D. C., & Shimmin, S. (2006). "What have we forgotten - and why?" ''Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology'', 79(2), 183-201. {{doi|10.1348/096317905X70832}}.</ref> In the U. S. during the mid-twentieth century industrial psychologist [[Arthur Kornhauser]] pioneered the study of occupational mental health, linking industrial working conditions to mental health as well as the spillover of an unsatisfying job into a worker's personal life.<ref name="Zickar">Zickar, M. J. (2003). Remembering Arthur Kornhauser: Industrial psychology's advocate for worker well-being. ''Journal of Applied Psychology, 88'', 363–369. {{doi|10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.363}}</ref><ref>Kornhauser, A. (1965). ''Mental health of the industrial worker''. New York: Wiley.</ref> Zickar accumulated evidence to show that "no other industrial psychologist of his era was as devoted to advocating management and labor practices that would improve the lives of working people."<ref name="Zickar"/>

====Occupational health psychology====
As interest in the worker health expanded toward the end of the twentieth century, the field of [[occupational health psychology]] (OHP) emerged. OHP is a branch of psychology that is interdisciplinary.<ref name="Schonfeld"/><ref name="CDC">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ''Occupational Health Psychology (OHP)''. [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ohp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910090414/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ohp/|date=10 September 2019}}</ref> OHP is concerned with the health and safety of workers.<ref name = "Schonfeld"/><ref name = "CDC"/> OHP addresses topic areas such as the impact of occupational stressors on physical and mental health, mistreatment of workers (e.g., bullying and violence), work-family balance, the impact of [[involuntary unemployment]] on physical and mental health, the influence of psychosocial factors on safety and accidents, and interventions designed to improve/protect worker health.<ref name = "Schonfeld"/><ref>Houdmont, J., & Leka, S. (2010). An introduction to occupational health psychology. In S. Leka & J. Houdmont (Eds.). ''Occupational health psychology'' (pp. 1–30). John Wiley: Hoboken, NJ.</ref> OHP grew out of [[health psychology]], [[industrial and organizational psychology]], and [[occupational medicine]].<ref name = "Everly">Everly, G.S., Jr. (1986). An introduction to occupational health psychology. In P.A. Keller & L.G. Ritt (Eds.), ''Innovations in clinical practice: A source book'' (Vol. 5, pp. 331–338). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.</ref> OHP has also been informed by disciplines outside psychology, including [[industrial engineering]], sociology, and economics.<ref>Society for Occupational Health Psychology. ''Field of OHP. What is occupational health psychology'' [http://www.sohp-online.org/field.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192927/http://www.sohp-online.org/field.htm|date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>Tetrick, L.E., & Quick, J.C. (2011). Overview of occupational health psychology: Public health in occupational settings. In J.C. Quick & L.E. Tetrick (Eds.), ''Handbook of occupational health psychology'' (2nd ed., pp. 3–20). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.</ref>