Editing Polio (section)

==Research==
Since 2018, [[Global Polio Eradication Initiative]] (GPEI) has coordinated efforts both to eliminate polio and to research means of improving surveillance and prevention. At the peak of its work, the programme directly employed 4000 people across 75 countries and managed a budget of nearly U.S. $1&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Aylward2011">{{cite book |last=Aylward |first=Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9bxCwAAQBAJ |title=Disease Eradication in the 21st Century: Implications for Global Health |publisher=The MIT Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-262-01673-5 |editor=Cochi |editor-first=Stephen L. |location=Cambridge |pages=13–24 |chapter=2. Lessons from the late stages of the global polio eradication initiative |editor-last2=Dowdle |editor-first2=Walter R.}}</ref>

{{as of|2021}}, the GPEI had raised 18&nbsp;billion dollars in funding,<ref name="finance">{{Cite web |title=GPEI-Historical Contributions, 1988-2020 |url=https://polioeradication.org/financing/donors/historical-contributions/}}</ref> with annual contributions around 800 million to 1&nbsp;billion dollars. Around 30% of the funding came from the [[Gates Foundation]] 30% from developed governments, 27% from countries at risk of polio, and the rest was made up of donations from nonprofits, private funders, and other foundations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaccination funding landscape |url=http://www.givewell.org/international/charities/vaccination-organizations#Eradicationinitiatives |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=Givewell.org}}</ref>

The GPEI has identified six directions for continuing research:<ref>{{cite web |title=GPEI-Research + Innovation |url=https://polioeradication.org/tools-and-library/current-research-areas/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Global Polio Eradication Initiative - World Health Organization |language=en-GB}}</ref>

* Optimizing oral polio vaccine efficacy
* Developing affordable inactivated polio vaccine
* Managing risks associated with vaccine-derived polioviruses and vaccine-associated paralytic polio (including OPV cessation)
* Antivirals
* Polio diagnostics
* Surveillance research

Even if polio can be eliminated from the world population, vaccination programs should continue for at least ten years.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Lopez Cavestany |first1=Rocio |last2=Eisenhawer |first2=Martin |last3=Diop |first3=Ousmane M. |last4=Verma |first4=Harish |last5=Quddus |first5=Arshad |last6=Mach |first6=Ondrej |title=The Last Mile in Polio Eradication: Program Challenges and Perseverance |journal=Pathogens |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=323 |date=April 2024 |issn=2076-0817 |pmid=38668278 |pmc=11053864 |doi=10.3390/pathogens13040323 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The retention of live poliovirus samples in laboratories and vaccine manufacturing facilities (which carry a risk of escape of the virus) should progressively be reduced. To support these two objectives, vaccines are under development which either utilise a [[virus-like particle]], or which derive from a modified virus which cannot reproduce in a human host.<ref name=":4" />