Editing Pierre Trudeau (section)

==== China ====
Trudeau established Canadian diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China before the United States did in 1979, and became the first Canadian Prime Minister to make an official visit to [[Beijing]]. On February 10, 1969, the government announced its wish to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic, and Trudeau was mortified when the Chinese refused to respond at first, which made him look foolish.{{sfn|Granatstein|Bothwell|1991|p=184}} Unknown to Trudeau, the Chinese diplomatic corps had been so thoroughly purged during the [[Cultural Revolution]] that the Chinese Foreign Ministry barely functioned by early 1969. On February 19, 1969, the Chinese finally responded and agreed to open talks in [[Stockholm]] on establishing diplomatic relations, which began on April 3, 1969.{{sfn|Granatstein|Bothwell|1991|p=184}} Trudeau expected the negotiations to be a mere formality, but relations were not finally established until October 1970.{{sfn|Granatstein|Bothwell|1991|p=184}} The delay was largely because the Chinese insisted that Canada have no relations whatsoever with "the [[Chiang Kai-shek]] gang" as they called the [[Kuomintang]] regime in [[Taiwan]] and agree to support the Chinese position that Taiwan was a part of the People's Republic, a position that caused problems on the Canadian side as it implied Canadian support for China's viewpoint that it had the right to take Taiwan by force into the People's Republic.{{sfn|Granatstein|Bothwell|1991|pp=184-185}} On October 10, 1970, a statement was issued by the External Affairs department in Ottawa saying: "The Chinese government reaffirms that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of the People's Republic of China. The Canadian government takes note of the Chinese position".{{sfn|Granatstein|Bothwell|1991|p=185}} After the statement was issued, China and Canada established diplomatic relations on the same day.{{sfn|Granatstein|Bothwell|1991|p=185}} The so-called "Canadian formula" under which a nation "takes note" of the Chinese viewpoint that Taiwan is part of the People's Republic has been often copied by other nations that have established diplomatic relations with Beijing, most notably the United States in 1979.{{sfn|Granatstein|Bothwell|1991|p=185}} In October 1973, Trudeau visited Beijing to meet [[Chinese Communist Party Chairman]] [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Premier of China|premier]] [[Zhou Enlai]], where Trudeau was hailed as "old friend", a term of high approval in China.{{sfn|Granatstein|Bothwell|1991|pp=187-188}}

In 1976, Trudeau, succumbing to pressure from the Chinese government, issued an order barring [[Sports in Taiwan|Taiwan]] from participating as China in the [[1976 Montreal Olympics]], although technically it was a matter for the [[IOC]].<ref name="As It Happens" />  His action strained relations with the United States – from [[President Ford]], future President Carter and the press – and subjected Canada to international condemnation and shame.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Trudeau, Taiwan, and the 1976 Montreal Olympics |first1=Donald |last1=Macintosh |first2=Donna |last2=Greenhorn |first3=Michael |last3=Hawes | journal= American Review of Canadian Studies | year=1991 | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=423–448 | doi=10.1080/02722019109481098}}</ref><ref name="As It Happens">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/taiwan-controversy-at-the-1976-montreal-olympics | title=Montreal Olympics: The Taiwan controversy | publisher=[[CBC Radio One]] | work=[[CBC Archives]]: [[As It Happens]] | date=July 16, 1976 | access-date=January 25, 2018 | archive-date=May 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516031346/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/taiwan-controversy-at-the-1976-montreal-olympics | url-status=live }}</ref>