Editing Paris (section)

===Music===
{{Main|Music in Paris|History of music in Paris}}
[[File:Olympia facade.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Olympia (Paris)|Olympia]] music hall]]
In the late 12th century, a school of [[polyphony]] was established at Notre-Dame. Among the [[Trouvères]] of northern France, a group of Parisian aristocrats became known for their poetry and songs. [[Troubadours]], from the south of France, were also popular. During the reign of [[Francis I of France|François I]], in the [[Renaissance music|Renaissance era]], the [[lute]] became popular in the French court. The French royal family and courtiers "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy", and a national musical printing house was established.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} In the [[Baroque music|Baroque-era]], noted composers included [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]], and [[François Couperin]].{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} The [[Conservatoire de Paris|''Conservatoire de Musique de Paris'']] was founded in 1795.{{sfn|Damschroeder|Williams|1990|p=157}} By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music.

[[Romantic music|Romantic-era]] composers (in Paris) include [[Hector Berlioz]], [[Charles Gounod]], [[Camille Saint-Saëns]], [[Léo Delibes]] and [[Jules Massenet]], among others.{{sfn|Michelin|2011}} [[Georges Bizet]]'s ''[[Carmen]]'' premiered 3 March 1875. ''Carmen'' has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical [[Western canon|canon]].<ref name="McClary">[https://books.google.com/books?id=UNGaPmlHFzgC&pg=PA120 ''Georges Bizet: Carmen''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=UNGaPmlHFzgC&pg=PA120 |date=26 March 2023 }}, Susan McClary, p. 120</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p27gT7VcuNUC&pg=PA146 |title=The Essential Canon of Classical Music |first=David |last=Dubal |page=346 |date=2003 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4668-0726-6 |access-date=9 January 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201223150/https://books.google.com/books?id=p27gT7VcuNUC&pg=PA146 |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the [[Impressionism in music|Impressionist]] composers who created new works for piano, orchestra, opera, chamber music and other musical forms, stand in particular, [[Claude Debussy]], [[Erik Satie]] and [[Maurice Ravel]]. Several foreign-born composers, such as [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Franz Liszt]], [[Jacques Offenbach]], [[Niccolò Paganini]], and [[Igor Stravinsky]], established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their influence in Paris.

[[Bal-musette]] is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls.{{sfn|Dregni|2004|p=19}} Patrons danced the [[bourrée]] to the accompaniment of the [[cabrette]] (a [[bellows]]-blown [[bagpipe]] locally called a "musette") and often the [[vielle à roue]] ([[hurdy-gurdy]]) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the [[accordion]] adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars,{{sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} and Paris became a major centre for [[jazz]] and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}

Paris is the spiritual home of [[gypsy jazz]] in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city.{{Sfn|Dregni|2008|p=32}} [[Django Reinhardt]] rose to fame in Paris and performed with violinist [[Stéphane Grappelli]] and their [[Quintette du Hot Club de France]] in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref name="Gjazz">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt |title=Best Gypsy jazz bars in Paris |work=The Guardian |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320040950/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/mar/03/jazz-bars-paris-django-reinhardt |archive-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Moulin Rouge, Paris April 2011.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Moulin Rouge]] has hosted many singers including Parisian [[Édith Piaf]]]]
Immediately after the War the [[Saint-Germain-des-Pres]] quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, including the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, [[Le Tabou]]. They introduced Parisians to the music of [[Claude Luter]], [[Boris Vian]], [[Sydney Bechet]], [[Mezz Mezzrow]], and [[Henri Salvador]]. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.{{Sfn|Bezbakh|2004|page=872}}

Some of the finest [[manouche]] musicians in the world are found here playing the cafés of the city at night.<ref name="Gjazz"/> Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord.{{sfn|Mroue|2006|p=260}}<ref name="Gjazz"/> Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the [[Paris Jazz Festival]] and the rock festival [[Rock en Seine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rock en Seine '13 |url=http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013/ |publisher=Efestivals.co.uk |access-date=23 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513220755/http://www.efestivals.co.uk/festivals/rockenseine/2013 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Orchestre de Paris]] was established in 1967.<ref name=andante>{{cite web |author=Andante |date=2004 |title=Orchestre de Paris |publisher=Andante.com |url=http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312035555/http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=23207 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |access-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> December 2015 was the 100th anniversary of the birth of [[Edith Piaf]]—widely regarded as France's national [[Chanson|chanteuse]] and one of France's greatest international stars.<ref name="yahoomusicbio">{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000150629|tab=biography|label=Édith Piaf biography|first=Steve|last=Huey |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

Paris has a big [[French hip hop|hip hop]] scene. This music became popular during the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/10/14/is-france-becoming-too-american/hip-hop-a-la-francaise-29 |title=Hip-Hop à la Française |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 October 2013 |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209163816/http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/10/14/is-france-becoming-too-american/hip-hop-a-la-francaise-29 |archive-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>