Editing Ottoman Empire (section)

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Ottoman architecture}}
[[File:Cour_mosquee_Suleymaniye_Istanbul.jpg|thumb|[[Süleymaniye Mosque]] in Istanbul, designed by [[Mimar Sinan]] in the 16th century and a major example of the [[Classical Ottoman architecture|classical Ottoman style]]]]
The architecture of the empire developed from earlier [[Anatolian Seljuk architecture|Seljuk Turkish architecture]], with influences from [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] and [[Iranian architecture|Iranian]] architecture and other architectural traditions in the Middle East.<ref>"Seljuk architecture", ''Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture'', ed. Cyril M. Harris, (Dover Publications, 1977), 485.</ref><ref name="Bloom-2009">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |editor-last=M. Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan |location= |pages= |chapter=Ottoman |quote=Throughout their history the Ottomans remained supporters of art and artists. Under their patronage a distinctive architectural style developed that combined the Islamic traditions of Anatolia, Iran and Syria with those of the Classical world and Byzantium. The result was a rationalist monumentality that favored spatial unity and architectonic expression. |editor-last2=S. Blair |editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref><ref name="Freely-2011">{{Harvnb|Freely|2011|p=35}} "The mosques of the classical period are more elaborate than those of earlier times. They derive from a fusion of a native Turkish tradition with certain elements of the plan of Haghia Sophia, the former cathedral of Constantinople, converted into a mosque in 1453 by Mehmet the Conqueror."</ref> [[Early Ottoman architecture]] experimented with multiple building types over the course of the 13th to 15th centuries, progressively evolving into the [[Classical Ottoman architecture|classical Ottoman style]] of the 16th and 17th centuries, which was also strongly influenced by the [[Hagia Sophia]].<ref name="Freely-2011" /><ref name="Goodwin">{{cite book |last=Goodwin |first=Godfrey |title=Sinan: Ottoman Architecture & its Values Today |publisher=Saqi Books |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-86356-172-6 |location=London}}</ref> The most important architect of the Classical period is [[Mimar Sinan]], whose major works include the [[Şehzade Mosque]], [[Süleymaniye Mosque]], and [[Selimiye Mosque, Edirne|Selimiye Mosque]].<ref name="AgostonMasters20102">{{cite book |author1=Gábor Ágoston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |author2=Bruce Alan Masters |date=21 May 2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7 |page=50 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151705/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Grove encycl-Ottoman">{{Cite book |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |editor-last1=M. Bloom |editor-first1=Jonathan |chapter=Ottoman |editor-last2=Blair |editor-first2=Sheila S.}}</ref> The second half of the 16th century also saw the apogee of some [[Ottoman decoration|types of decoration]], most notably in the production of [[Iznik pottery|Iznik tiles]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carswell |first=John |title=Iznik Pottery |publisher=British Museum Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7141-2441-4 |edition=Second |pages=75}}</ref>
[[File:Mihrisah Sultan Complex Eyup DSCF7829.jpg|thumb|[[Sebil]] (water distribution kiosk) of the [[Mihrişah Sultan Complex]] in Istanbul, from the late 18th century, an example of the [[Ottoman Baroque style]]]]
Beginning in the 18th century, Ottoman architecture was opened to external influences, particularly from [[Baroque architecture]] in Western Europe, which eventually gave rise to the [[Ottoman Baroque architecture|Ottoman Baroque]] style that emerged in the 1740s.{{Sfn|Rüstem|2019|pp=21–70 (see chapters 1 and 2 generally)}} The [[Nuruosmaniye Mosque]] is one of the most important examples from this period.{{Sfn|Freely|2011|p=355}}{{Sfn|Kuban|2010|p=526}} During the 19th century, influences from Western Europe became more prominent, brought in by architects such as those from the [[Balyan family]].{{Sfn|Freely|2011|p=393}} [[Empire style]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] motifs were introduced and a trend towards [[Eclecticism in architecture|eclecticism]] was evident in many types of buildings, such as the [[Dolmabahçe Palace|Dolmabaçe Palace]].{{Sfn|Kuban|2010|pp=605–606}} The last decades of the Ottoman Empire also saw the development of a new architectural style called neo-Ottoman or Ottoman [[Revivalism (architecture)|revivalism]], also known as the [[First national architectural movement|First National Architectural Movement]],<ref name="Bloom-2009a">{{cite book |author1=Bloom |first=Jonathan M. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA379 |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set |author2=Blair |author3=Sheila S. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |pages=379 |chapter=Kemalettin |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114151707/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Grove_Encyclopedia_of_Islamic_Art_Archit/un4WcfEASZwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA1-PA379&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> by architects such as [[Mimar Kemaleddin]] and [[Vedat Tek]].{{Sfn|Freely|2011|p=393}}

Ottoman dynastic patronage was concentrated in the historic capitals of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul (Constantinople), as well as in several other important administrative centers such as [[Amasya]] and [[Manisa]]. It was in these centers that most important developments in Ottoman architecture occurred and that the most monumental Ottoman architecture can be found.{{Sfn|Kuban|2010|p=679}} Major religious monuments were typically architectural complexes, known as a ''[[külliye]]'', that had multiple components providing different services or amenities. In addition to a mosque, these could include a [[madrasa]], a [[hammam]], an [[imaret]], a [[Sebil (fountain)|sebil]], a market, a [[caravanserai]], a [[Kuttab|primary school]], or others.{{Sfn|Kuban|2010}} These complexes were governed and managed with the help of a ''[[vakıf]]'' agreement (Arabic ''waqf'').{{Sfn|Kuban|2010}} Ottoman constructions were still abundant in Anatolia and in the Balkans (Rumelia), but in the more distant Middle Eastern and North African provinces older [[Islamic architecture|Islamic architectural]] styles continued to hold strong influence and were sometimes blended with Ottoman styles.{{Sfn|Kuban|2010|p=|pp=571–596}}{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=251}}