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National Security Act of 1947
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==== House of Representatives ==== During the July 15, 1947, and July 19, 1947, debates in the House of Representatives, major proponents of the National Security Act of 1947 included Representatives [[James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr.|Wadsworth]] (R-[[New York (state)|NY]]), [[John W. McCormack|McCormack]] (D-MA), and [[Carter Manasco|Manasco]] (D-AL), who were all on the Expenditures Committee as high-ranking members, and the [[United States House Committee on Armed Services|House Armed Services Committee]] Chairman Walter G. Andrews (R-NY).<ref name=":3" /> Opponents of the bill in the House included Representatives [[W. Sterling Cole|Cole]] (R-NY), [[Harry R. Sheppard|Sheppard]] (D-[[California|CA]]), [[Edith Nourse Rogers|Rogers]] (R-MA), and [[John Taber|Taber]] (R-NY).<ref name=":3" /> Representatives Cole, Sheppard, and Rogers argued that the Navy did not have enough protections under the bill, while Representative Taber argued against the budgetary aspect.<ref name=":3" /> Minor amendments were passed during debates in the House. Some of Representative Cole's amendments protecting the Navy and limiting the secretary of defense's powers were passed by voice vote (though others he offered were defeated).<ref name=":3" /> Representatives [[Walter Judd (politician)|Judd]] (R-[[Minnesota|MN]]) and [[Clarence J. Brown|Brown]] (R-OH) were able to pass amendments by voice votes that required the director of Central Intelligence to be appointed by the president from civilian life and confirmed by the Senate, and Representative Judd passed an amendment allowing the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] and the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] to conduct secret operations without the inspection of the director of Central Intelligence.<ref name=":3" /> Amendments offered by Representatives [[George MacKinnon|MacKinnon]] (R-MN), [[Clifford P. Case|Case]] (R-[[New Jersey|NJ]]), Mitchell (R-[[Indiana|IN]]), [[Charles R. Clason|Clason]] (R-MA), and [[Thomas L. Owens|Owens]] (R-[[Illinois|IL]]) were defeated.<ref name=":3" />
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