Editing Majapahit (section)

===Territorial division===
{{Main|Territories of Majapahit}}
When Majapahit entered the thalassocracy imperial phase during the administration of Gajah Mada, several overseas vassal states were included within the Majapahit sphere of influence, as a result, the new larger territorial concept was defined:
[[File:Majapahit Empire.svg|thumb|360px|The extent of Majapahit's influence under Hayam Wuruk in 1365 according to Nagarakretagama]]
* '''''Negara Agung''''', or the Grand State, the core kingdom. The traditional or initial area of Majapahit during its formation before entering the imperial phase. This includes the capital city and the surrounding areas where the king effectively exercises his government. The area in and around royal capital of [[Trowulan]], the port of Canggu and sections of [[Brantas River]] valley near the capital, also mountainous areas south and southeast of the capital, all the way to [[Mount Penanggungan|Pananggungan]] and [[Arjuno-Welirang]] peaks, are the core realm of the kingdom. The Brantas river valley corridor, connecting Majapahit Trowulan area to Canggu and estuarine areas in Kahuripan (Sidoarjo) and [[Janggala|Hujung Galuh]] port (Surabaya) are considered parts of ''Negara Agung''.
* '''''Mancanegara''''', areas surrounding ''Negara Agung''{{snd}}traditionally refer to Majapahit provinces in East and Central Java. This area covered the eastern half of Java, with all its provinces ruled by the ''Bhres'' (dukes), the king's close relatives. These areas are directly influenced by Javanese Majapahit court culture and obliged to pay annual tributes. These areas usually possess their rulers that might be directly related, foster an alliance or intermarried with the Majapahit royal family. Majapahit stationed their officials and officers in these places and regulate their foreign trade activities and collect taxes, yet they enjoyed substantial internal autonomy. This includes the rest of [[Java]] island, [[Madura]] and [[Bali]]. However, in the later period, overseas provinces which have developed culture reflected or comparable to those of Java, or possess significant trading importance, are also considered ''mancanegara''. Either the province has its own native rulers subject (vassal) to the king, or a regent appointed and sent by the king to rule the region. This realm includes [[Melayu Kingdom|Dharmasraya]], [[Pagaruyung Kingdom|Pagaruyung]], [[Lampung]] and [[Palembang]] in [[Sumatra]].
* '''''Nusantara''''', areas which do not reflect Javanese culture, but are included as colonies and they had to pay an annual tribute. They had their native polity intact, enjoyed substantial autonomy and internal freedom, and Majapahit did not necessarily station their officials or military officers here; however, any challenges on Majapahit oversight might draw a severe response. These areas such as the vassal kingdoms and colonies in the [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Borneo]], [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Sulawesi]] and [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]].
[[File:Filippine, provincia di agusan, immagine hindu, statuetta in oro massiccio, xiii secolo.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A 1.79 kilogram, 21-karat Majapahit period [[Golden Tara|gold image]] discovered in [[Esperanza, Agusan|Agusan]], [[Philippines]], copied Nganjuk bronze images of the early Majapahit period,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/item/7096|title=[Bronze statues from Nganjuk] OD-3577 {{!}} Digital Collections|website=digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> signify Majapahit cultural influence on southern Philippines.]]

[[Nagarakretagama#Descriptions of the Majapahit realm|Nagarakretagama]] mentioned more than 80 places in the archipelago described as the vassal states.<ref name="Britannica-Majapahit"/> In Canto 13, several lands on [[Sumatra]] are mentioned, and some possibly correspond to contemporary areas: [[Jambi]], [[Palembang]], Teba (either [[Tebo Regency|Tebo]] in Jambi or [[Toba Samosir Regency|Toba]] areas by [[Lake Toba]]), and [[Dharmasraya]]. Also mentioned are Kandis, Kahwas, [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Siak Regency|Siak]], [[Rokan Hilir Regency|Rokan]], [[Kampar Regency|Kampar]] and [[Pannai|Pane]], Kampe, [[Aru Kingdom|Haru]] (coastal [[North Sumatra]], today around [[Medan]]) and [[Mandailing]]. Tamiyang ([[Aceh Tamiang Regency]]), negara Perlak ([[Peureulak]]) and [[Padang Lawas Regency|Padang Lawas]], are noted in the west, together with Samudra ([[Samudra Pasai]]) and [[Lamuri]], Batan ([[Bintan]]), [[Lampung]], and [[Barus]]. Also listed are the states of Tanjungnegara (believed to be on [[Borneo]]): [[Kapuas River|Kapuas]] [[Katingan Regency|Katingan]], [[Sampit]], Kota Lingga, [[Kotawaringin]], [[Sambas Regency|Sambas]], and Lawas.

In Nagarakretagama Canto 14 more lands are noted: Kadandangan, [[Landak Regency|Landa]], Samadang, Tirem, Sedu ([[Sibu]] in [[Sarawak]]), Barune ([[Brunei]]), Kalka, Saludung (Serudong River in Sabah<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saunders |first=Graham |title=A History of Brunei |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |year=2002 |isbn=9-781-1-36873-942 |edition=2nd |location=London and New York |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref>), Solot ([[Sulu Province|Sulu]]), Pasir, [[Barito River|Barito]], Sawaku, [[Tabalong Regency|Tabalung]], and [[Kutai|Tanjung Kutei]]. In Hujung Medini ([[Malay Peninsula]]), [[Pahang]] is mentioned first. Next [[Langkasuka]], Saimwang, [[Kelantan]] and [[Trengganu]], [[Johor]], [[Paka, Malaysia|Paka]], [[Muar town|Muar]], [[Dungun]], Tumasik ([[Temasek]], where [[Singapore]] is today), Kelang ([[Klang Valley]]) and [[Kedah]], Jerai ([[Gunung Jerai]]), Kanjapiniran, all are united.

Also in Canto 14 are territories east of Java: [[Bedulu|Badahulu]] and [[Goa Gajah|Lo Gajah]] (part of today's [[Bali]]). Gurun and [[Nusa Penida|Sukun]], [[Taliwang]], Sapi (Sape town, east end of Sumbawa island, by the [[Sape Strait]]) and [[Dompu|Dompo]], [[Sangeang Api|Sang Hyang Api]], [[Bima]]. [[Seram Island|Sheran]] and Hutan Kadali ([[Buru]] island). [[Gorong archipelago|Gurun island]], and [[Lombok|Lombok Merah]]. Together with prosperous [[Sasak people|Sasak]] (central, north and east [[Lombok]]) are already ruled. [[Bantayan Island|Bantayan]] with [[Luwu Regency|Luwu]]. Further east are Udamakatraya ([[Sangihe Islands|Sangir]] and [[Talaud]]). Also mentioned are [[Makassar]], [[Buton]], [[Banggai Regency|Banggai]], Kunir, [[Pantar|Galiao]] with [[Selayar Islands|Selayar]], [[Sumba]], [[Sulu archipelago|Solot]], [[Muar (town)|Muar]]. Also Wanda(n) ([[Banda Islands|Banda]] island), [[Ambon Island|Ambon]] or [[Maluku Islands|Maluku islands]], [[Kai Islands]], Wanin ([[Onin Peninsula]], today [[Fakfak Regency]], West Papua), [[Kingdom of Kaimana|Sran]], [[Timor]] and other islands.

[[File:Asia in 1335.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|Asia in the early 14th century]]
The true nature of Majapahit [[suzerainty]] is still a subject of study and even has sparked controversy. Nagarakretagama describes Majapahit as the centre of a huge [[Mandala (political model)|mandala]] consists of 98 tributaries stretching from Sumatra to New Guinea. Some scholars have discounted this claim as merely a sphere of limited influence, or even just a statement of geographical knowledge.<ref name="Cribb" />{{rp|page=87}}

Nevertheless, the Javanese overseas prestige and influence during the lifetime of Hayam Wuruk was undoubtedly considerable.<ref name="Britannica-Majapahit"/> Majapahit fleets must have periodically visited many places in the archipelago to acquire formal submission, or the splendour of Majapahit court might have attracted regional rulers to send a tribute, without any intention to submit to Majapahit's order.<ref name="Cribb"/>{{rp|page=87}}

All of those three categories{{snd}}the ''Negara Agung, Mancanegara'' and ''Nusantara'', were within the sphere of influence of the Majapahit empire.

The model of political formations and power diffusion from its core in the Majapahit capital city that radiates through its overseas possessions was later identified by historians as "[[Mandala (Southeast Asian history)|mandala]]" model. The term mandala derived from Sanskrit "circle" to explain the typical ancient Southeast Asian polity that was defined by its centre rather than its boundaries, and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing administrative integration.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=cewces_papers&sei-redir=1
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095708/http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=cewces_papers&sei-redir=1
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 February 2015
| title = Mandala: from sacred origins to sovereign affairs in traditional Southeast Asia
| access-date = 4 October 2014
| last = Dellios
| first = Rosita
| year = 2003
| publisher = Bond University Australia
| format = pdf
}}</ref> The territories belongs within Majapahit Mandala sphere of influence were those categorised as Mancanegara and Nusantara. These areas usually have their indigenous rulers, enjoy substantial autonomy and have their political institution intact without further integration into Majapahit administration. The same mandala model also applied to previous empires; [[Srivijaya]] and [[Khmer Empire|Angkor]], and also Majapahit's neighbouring mandalas; Ayutthaya and Champa.

Foreign or overseas territories are mentioned in Nagarakretagama canto 15 stanza 1. These territories include Syangka (Siam), Ayodyapura ([[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]]), Dharmmanagari ([[Ligor]]), Marutma ([[Martaban]] or [[Mergui]]), Rajapura ([[Ratchaburi province|Rajpuri]] in the south of Siam), Singhanagari ([[Singburi|Singhapuri]] on the branch of the river Menam), Campa, and Kamboja ([[Cambodia]]).<ref name="Pigeaud 1962">{{cite book|last=Pigeaud|first=Theodoor Gautier Thomas|year=1962|title=Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume IV: Commentaries and Recapitulations|location=The Hague|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|isbn=978-94-017-7133-7|edition=3rd (revised)}}</ref>{{Rp|35–36}} The relationship between Majapahit and these territories is called ''kachaya'', which means "to be exposed to light". It is interpreted as protected or sheltered. The term "protected area" in the modern state system is referred to as a [[protectorate]].<ref name=":152">{{cite book|last=Nugroho|first=Irawan Djoko|year=2009|title=Meluruskan Sejarah Majapahit|publisher=Ragam Media}}</ref>{{Rp|234–235}}

In addition, in canto 83 stanza 4 and 93 stanza 1 are mentioned the places that became the origin of merchants and scholars. The regions are Jambudwipa (India), Cina, [[Karnataka]] (South India), and Goda ([[Gauḍa (city)|Gauḍa]]).<ref name="Pigeaud 1962"/>{{Rp|35–36}} What is different is Yawana ([[Territories of Majapahit#Overseas region|Arabs, see explanation]]), as mentioned ''anyat i yawana mitreka satata'' (different is Yawana who is a permanent ally).<ref name=":152" />{{Rp|234}}{{sfn|Nugroho|2011|pp=141–142}}

The question whether Majapahit is considered an [[empire]] or not is actually depends on the definition of the word and concept of "empire" itself. Majapahit did not performed direct administration of its overseas possessions, they did not maintain permanent military occupation, and did not imposes its political and cultural norms over a wide area; thus it is not sufficiently considered an empire in a traditional sense. However, if being an empire means the projection of military power at will, formal acknowledgement of overlordship by vassals, and the regular tribute delivery to the capital, then Java's relationship to the rest of archipelagic realm can well be considered an imperial one; thus Majapahit can be considered an empire.<ref name="Sastrawan Empire"/>

In later period, Majapahit's hold on its overseas possessions began to wane. According to [[Waringin Pitu inscription]] (dated 1447) it was mentioned that Majapahit's core realm was consisted of 14 provinces, that administrated by the ruler titled ''Bhre''.<ref>Nastiti, Titi Surti. ''Prasasti Majapahit'', in the site {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081222233648/http://www.majapahit-kingdom.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10&Itemid=7 www.Majapahit-Kingdom.com]}} from Direktorat Jenderal Sejarah dan Purbakala. Friday, 22 June 2007.</ref> The provinces written in the inscription are:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Daha]] (former capital of [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]])
* Jagaraga
* Kabalan
* [[Kahuripan]] (or [[Janggala]], modern [[Surabaya]])
* Keling
* Kelinggapura
* Kembang Jenar
* [[Matahun]] (today [[Bojonegoro]])
* [[Pajang]] (today [[Surakarta]])
* [[Cirebon|Singhapura]]
* [[Tanjungpura Kingdom|Tanjungpura]]
* [[Tumapel]] (former capital of [[Singhasari]])
* [[Wengker]] (today [[Ponorogo]])
* [[Wirabhumi]] (today [[Blambangan]])
{{div col end}}

The inscription, however, did not mention Majapahit's vassals in other areas around the period, such as:
* [[Indragiri (disambiguation)|Indragiri]] in Sumatra and [[Siantan]] (now in [[Pontianak]] in the west coast of Borneo), which according to the [[Malay Annals]], were given as a dowry to [[Sultanate of Malacca|Malacca]] for the marriage of a Majapahit princess and [[Mansur Shah]] sometime during his reign.<ref name="Leyden" /> Sultan [[Mansur Shah]] reigned from 1459 to 1477,<ref name="Coedes" /> which implies that Indragiri and Siantan were both still under Majapahit's control in 1447.
* [[Jambi]] and [[Palembang]], which only ceased to be under Majapahit suzerainty when seized by [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]].<ref name=":3" />{{rp|154–155}}
* And [[Bali]], which were known to be the last stronghold of the Hindu-Javanese civilization during Majapahit's downfall.<ref name="Coedes" />
The book ''[[Suma Oriental]]'' by Tomé Pires written in 1515 records that Java (Majapahit) ruled as far as the Moluccas on the east side and most of the west side of the archipelago; and almost the whole island of Sumatra was under its control and also controlled all the islands known to the Javanese. Majapahit ruled over these for a long time until about a hundred years earlier, when its power began to wane until it became similar to that during the year of Pires' visit to Java (March–June 1513).<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|174}}