Editing Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (section)

== Between terms (2011–2023)==
=== Health ===
On 29 October 2011, it was announced that Lula, a former smoker, had a [[malignant tumor]] in his [[larynx]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-17541649|title=Brazil ex-President Lula's cancer treatment 'a success'|work=BBC News|date=28 March 2012|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226065944/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-17541649|url-status=live}}</ref> which was detected after his voice became unusually hoarse.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/world/americas/luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-of-brazil-has-throat-cancer.html|title=Former Leader of Brazil Is Said to Have Throat Cancer|first=Simon|last=Romero|work=The New York Times |date=29 October 2011}}</ref>  He had [[chemotherapy]] to treat the tumor,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15766843|title=Brazil's Lula da Silva shaves beard in cancer battle|work=BBC News|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|date=16 November 2011 |access-date = 21 June 2018 |archive-date = 10 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180410073609/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15766843 |url-status = live}}</ref> and was later treated with [[radiation therapy]]; his [[laryngeal cancer]] went into remission. Lula announced his recovery in March 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2012/03/29/lula-da-silva-announces-his-back-in-politics-after-defeating-cancer|title=Lula da Silva announces his back in politics after defeating cancer|date=29 March 2012|publisher=MercoPress|access-date= 29 March 2012|archive-date= 31 March 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120331004822/http://en.mercopress.com/2012/03/29/lula-da-silva-announces-his-back-in-politics-after-defeating-cancer|url-status= live}}</ref>

On 21 January 2021, Lula tested positive for [[COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba|COVID-19]] while participating in the filming of an [[Oliver Stone]] documentary in Cuba, five days after arriving on the island. He recovered without needing to be admitted to hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lula-cuba-idUSKBN29Q2VP|title=Brazil's Lula had COVID-19 while in Cuba for Oliver Stone film|date=21 January 2021|website=Reuters|language=en|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125113903/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lula-cuba-idUSKBN29Q2VP|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 March 2021, Lula received his first dose of the [[CoronaVac]] vaccine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210313-brazil-s-lula-receives-first-dose-of-coronavirus-vaccine|title=Brazil's Lula receives first dose of coronavirus vaccine|date=13 March 2021|access-date=15 March 2021|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314185056/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210313-brazil-s-lula-receives-first-dose-of-coronavirus-vaccine|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2023, Lula had [[Hip replacement|hip joint replacement surgery]] for a [[Implant (medicine)|hip prosthesis]], replacing the top of his right [[femur]] with an implant to treat his [[arthrosis]].<ref name="auto34">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/brazil-s-lula-leaves-hospital-after-hip-eyelid-surgery-1.1978859|title=Brazil's Lula Leaves Hospital After Hip, Eyelid Surgery|publisher=Bloomberg|date=1 October 2023|website=BNN|access-date=3 March 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303205728/https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/brazil-s-lula-leaves-hospital-after-hip-eyelid-surgery-1.1978859|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto31">{{Cite web|url=https://ground.news/article/lula-successfully-underwent-hip-prosthesis-implant-surgery_2127b3|title=Lula successfully underwent hip prosthesis implant surgery|website=Ground News|access-date=3 March 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303205730/https://ground.news/article/lula-successfully-underwent-hip-prosthesis-implant-surgery_2127b3|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/lula-president-brazil-hip-surgery-b043ee70683bbb2014d0719812c4b157|title=Brazilian President Lula to undergo hip surgery, will work from home for 3 weeks|date=26 September 2023|website=AP News|access-date=3 March 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303205728/https://apnews.com/article/lula-president-brazil-hip-surgery-b043ee70683bbb2014d0719812c4b157|url-status=live}}</ref> He also had a [[blepharoplasty]], a cosmetic plastic surgery to remove excess skin from both of his eyelids.<ref name="auto34"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/brazil-s-lula-undergoes-hip-surgery-without-complications-doctor-64dc78b9|title=Brazil's Lula Undergoes Hip Surgery 'Without Complications': Doctor|agency=AFP|website=Barron's|access-date=3 March 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303205728/https://www.barrons.com/news/brazil-s-lula-undergoes-hip-surgery-without-complications-doctor-64dc78b9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto31"/>

=== 2018 presidential campaign ===

[[File:Lula em entrevista no Diretório Nacional do PT em São Paulo 1.jpg|thumb|Lula, 2016]]
[[File:Frente contra o Fascismo - Manuela, Lula e Freixo.jpg|thumb|Lula with Brazilian politicians [[Manuela d'Ávila]] and [[Marcelo Freixo]], 2018]]
In 2017, Lula announced he would stand as the Workers' Party candidate for president again in the [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018 election]]. In September, he led a caravan of supporters which travelled through the states of Brazil, starting with Minas Gerais, whose governor was Lula's political ally [[Fernando Pimentel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/politica/republica/apos-depor-em-curitiba-lula-vai-retomar-caravana-pelo-pais-por-minas-gerais-a3434q204gg2q3kovphkv444o|title=Após depoimento, Lula retoma caravana por Minas Gerais|website=Gazeta do Povo|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810235510/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/politica/republica/apos-depor-em-curitiba-lula-vai-retomar-caravana-pelo-pais-por-minas-gerais-a3434q204gg2q3kovphkv444o|url-status=live}}</ref> While traveling through the [[South Region, Brazil|South of Brazil]], the caravan became the target of protests. In Paraná, a campaign bus was shot at, and in Rio Grande do Sul, rocks were thrown at pro-Lula militants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/pr/oeste-sudoeste/noticia/onibus-da-caravana-de-lula-sao-atingidos-por-tiros-no-oeste-do-parana-diz-assessoria.ghtml|title=Ônibus da caravana de Lula no Paraná são atingidos por tiros|website=G1|date=27 March 2018 |access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810235551/https://g1.globo.com/pr/oeste-sudoeste/noticia/onibus-da-caravana-de-lula-sao-atingidos-por-tiros-no-oeste-do-parana-diz-assessoria.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite Lula's imprisonment in April 2018, the Workers' Party kept Lula as the party's presidential candidate. In a poll conducted by [[Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics|Ibope]] in June 2018, Lula led with 33% of vote intentions, with the [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|PSL]] candidate [[Jair Bolsonaro]] polling second with 15%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/lula-tem-33-bolsonaro-15-marina-7-e-ciro-4-aponta-pesquisa-ibope.ghtml|title=Lula tem 33%, Bolsonaro, 15%, Marina, 7%, e Ciro, 4%, aponta pesquisa Ibope|website=G1|date=28 June 2018 |access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810235558/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/lula-tem-33-bolsonaro-15-marina-7-e-ciro-4-aponta-pesquisa-ibope.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Lula negotiated a national coalition with the [[Partido Comunista do Brasil|PCdoB]] and regional alliances with the [[Partido Socialista Brasileiro|Socialist Party]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/08/da-cadeia-lula-articulou-acoes-que-resultaram-no-isolamento-de-ciro.shtml|title=Da cadeia, Lula articulou ações que resultaram no isolamento de Ciro|date=1 August 2018|website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810235416/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/08/da-cadeia-lula-articulou-acoes-que-resultaram-no-isolamento-de-ciro.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Workers' Party officially nominated Lula as its candidate on 5 August 2018, in São Paulo. Actor [[Sérgio Mamberti]] read a letter written by Lula, who was unable to attend because of his prison sentence. Former São Paulo mayor Fernando Haddad was named as Lula's running mate and intended to represent Lula in events and debates. If Lula was declared ineligible, Haddad would replace Lula as candidate, with [[Manuela d'Ávila]] replacing Haddad as the vice-presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/08/06/fernando-haddad-sera-vice-na-chapa-de-lula-diz-pt.ghtml|title=PT anuncia Haddad como vice na chapa de Lula e acordo com o PCdoB|website=G1|date=6 August 2018 |access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810235505/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/08/06/fernando-haddad-sera-vice-na-chapa-de-lula-diz-pt.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

In response to a petition from Lula, the [[United Nations Human Rights Committee|UN Human Rights Committee]] on 17 August 2018 suggested to the Brazilian government that it allow Lula to exercise his political rights.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=17 August 2018|title=UN: Brazil's jailed ex-president Lula can't be disqualified from election|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/17/un-brazils-jailed-leader-lula-cant-be-disqualified-from-election|access-date=16 April 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417004833/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/17/un-brazils-jailed-leader-lula-cant-be-disqualified-from-election|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a 26 August poll, Lula had 39 percent of vote intentions within one month of the first round. The same opinion polling put Lula ahead of all his challengers in a second round run-off, including the nearest one, [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|PSL]] candidate Jair Bolsonaro, by 52 to 32.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/eleicao-em-numeros/noticia/2018/08/22/pesquisa-datafolha-lula-39-bolsonaro-19-marina-8-alckmin-6-ciro-5.ghtml|title=Pesquisa Datafolha: Lula, 39%; Bolsonaro, 19%; Marina, 8%; Alckmin, 6%; Ciro, 5%|date=22 August 2018|work=G1|access-date=26 August 2018|language=pt|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823143645/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/eleicao-em-numeros/noticia/2018/08/22/pesquisa-datafolha-lula-39-bolsonaro-19-marina-8-alckmin-6-ciro-5.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

Lula's [[Candidate|candidacy]] was denied by the [[Superior Electoral Court]] on 31 August 2018 by a majority vote of the seven-judge panel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/brazil-electoral-court-bars-lula-presidential-race-022628991--business.html|title=Brazil electoral court bars Lula from presidential race|website=Yahoo|access-date=1 September 2018|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901080535/https://www.yahoo.com/news/brazil-electoral-court-bars-lula-presidential-race-022628991--business.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 September 2018, Lula officially withdrew  and was replaced by Fernando Haddad, whom Lula endorsed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/11/lula-brazil-presidential-election-candidate-gives-up-race|title=Jailed leftwing leader Lula drops out of Brazil presidential race|first1=Tom|last1=Phillips|first2=Dom|last2=Phillips|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 September 2018|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=12 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912033408/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/11/lula-brazil-presidential-election-candidate-gives-up-race|url-status=live}}</ref>