Editing Leon Trotsky (section)

=== Turkey ===
Deported from the Soviet Union in February 1929, Trotsky arrived in Turkey. For his first two months, he lived with his wife and eldest son at the [[List of diplomatic missions of Russia|Soviet Consulate]] in [[Istanbul]] and then a nearby hotel. In April 1929, Turkish authorities moved them to the island of [[Büyükada]] (Prinkipo), into a house called the Yanaros mansion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marxist.com/esteban-volkov-return-to-prinkipo.htm|title=Esteban Volkov: Return to Prinkipo|first=Greg|last=Oxley|date=1 February 2004|website=Marxist.com|access-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110160934/https://www.marxist.com/esteban-volkov-return-to-prinkipo.htm|archive-date=10 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> During his Turkish exile, Trotsky was under surveillance by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Pasha's]] police. He was also at risk from former White Army officers on Prinkipo. However, his European supporters volunteered as bodyguards, ensuring his safety.<ref name="marxists.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1935/06/french.htm|title=Leon Trotsky: An Open Letter to the French Workers|date=10 June 1935|website=Marxists.org|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123230116/https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1935/06/french.htm|archive-date=23 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He requested entry to Belgium, France, Norway, Germany, and the United Kingdom, but all refused.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7728106|title=Application by Leon Trotsky for permission to reside in England.|date=24 June 1929|publisher=UK National Archives}}</ref>
[[File:Trotsky House Istanbul.jpg|thumb|left|Trotsky's house, the Yanaros mansion on [[Büyükada]], Turkey, as it appears today. He lived there from April 1929 to July 1933.]]

Soon after arriving in Turkey, Trotsky established the ''[[Bulletin of the Opposition]]'', a Russian-language journal first published in July 1929 in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lubitz |first1=Petra |last2=Lubitz |first2=Wolfgang |title=Biulleten' oppozitsii |url=https://www.trotskyana.net/Leon_Trotsky/Biulleten__Oppozitsii/biulleten__oppozitsii.html |website=trotskyana.net |access-date=29 May 2024 |date=August 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kassow |first1=Samuel |author-link=Samuel Kassow |title=Trotsky and the ''Bulletin of the Opposition'' |journal=Studies in Comparative Communism |date=Summer 1977 |volume=10 |issue=1 / 2 |pages=184–197 |doi=10.1016/S0039-3592(77)80006-9 |jstor=45367174 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45367174 |access-date=29 May 2024 |issn=0039-3592}}</ref> In a 1931 letter titled "What is Fascism," he attempted to [[Definitions of fascism#Leon Trotsky|define fascism]], asserting the [[Communist International]] wrongly described [[Miguel Primo de Rivera|Primo de Rivera's dictatorship]] as "[[fascist]]" because it lacked a mass movement base in the lower classes.<ref>{{cite web|author=L. Trotsky|title=What is Fascism|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1931/11/fascism.htm|date=15 November 1931}}</ref>

On 20 February 1932, Trotsky and his family lost their Soviet citizenship and were forbidden to enter the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Swain|2006|p=191}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Open Letter to the C.E.C. of the U.S.S.R.|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1932/03/cec1.htm|date=1 March 1932}}</ref> In 1932, he entered fascist [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19321205-01.2.20|title=The Stanford Daily, Volume 82, Issue 44, 5 December 1932|website=Stanforddailyarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675056639_Soviet-Leader-Leon-Trotsky_Trotsky-with-dignitaries_Roman-civilization_Trotsky-in-exile|title=Former Soviet leader Leon Trotsky, in exile visits ruins of ancient Roman sites with other dignitaries in Naples, Italy.|website=Criticalpast.com|date=1932}}</ref> en route to a socialist conference in Denmark.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1932/11/radio.htm|title=The Stalinists and Trotsky's Radio Speech to America|date=3 December 1932|website=Marxists.org}}</ref> By late 1932, Trotsky contacted the anti-Stalin opposition inside the USSR to discuss forming a bloc.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thurston|first=Robert W.|title=Life and Terror in Stalin's Russia, 1934–1941| page =25|date=1996|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06401-8|jstor=j.ctt32bw0h}}</ref> There was no evidence of any alliance with [[Nazi Germany]] or the [[Empire of Japan|Empire of Japan]], as the Soviet government claimed. Alleged bloc members included Zinovievites, [[Right Opposition|rightists]], and "capitulated" Trotskyists like Kamenev and Zinoviev. Trotsky feared the right gaining too much power within the bloc. Historian [[Pierre Broué]] concluded the bloc dissolved in early 1933, as some members like Zinoviev and Kamenev rejoined Stalin, and Trotsky's Harvard archive letters do not mention the bloc after 1932.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pierre Broué: The "Bloc" of the Oppositions against Stalin (January 1980)|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/broue/1980/01/bloc.html|access-date=4 August 2020|website=Marxists.org}}</ref>