Editing Lancashire (section)

===Music===
====Folk music====
Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the national tradition of [[ballad]]ry, including perhaps the finest [[border ballad]], "[[The Ballad of Chevy Chase]]", thought to have been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale.<ref name="Gregory2006"/> The county was also a common location for [[folk song]]s, including "The Lancashire Miller", "Warrington Ale" and "The soldier's farewell to Manchester", while Liverpool, as a major seaport, was the subject of many [[sea shanties]], including "[[The Leaving of Liverpool]]" and "[[Maggie May (traditional song)|Maggie May]]",<ref>J. Shepherd, D. Horn, and D. Laing, ''Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World'' (London: Continuum, 2003), {{ISBN|0-8264-7436-5}}, p. 360</ref> beside several local [[Wassailing]] songs.<ref name="Gregory2006">D. Gregory, ''The Songs of the People for Me'': The Victorian Rediscovery of Lancashire Vernacular Song', ''Canadian Folk Music/Musique folklorique canadienne'', 40 (2006), pp.&nbsp;12–21</ref> In the [[Industrial Revolution]] changing social and economic patterns helped create new traditions and styles of folk song, often linked to migration and patterns of work.<ref name=Lancsfolk/> These included processional dances, often associated with rushbearing or the [[Wakes Week]] festivities, and types of [[step dance]], most famously [[clog dancing]].<ref name=Lancsfolk>''Lancashire Folk'', http://www.lancashirefolk.co.uk/Morris_Information.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310014202/http://www.lancashirefolk.co.uk/Morris_Information.htm |date=10 March 2010 }}, retrieved 16 February 2009</ref><ref name="Boyes1993">G. Boyes, ''The Imagined Village: Culture, Ideology, and the English Folk Revival'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), 0-71902-914-7, p. 214</ref>

A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar [[James Orchard Halliwell]],<ref>E. D. Gregory, ''Victorian Songhunters: the Recovery and Editing of English Vernacular Ballads and Folk Lyrics, 1820–1883'' (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2006), {{ISBN|0-8108-5703-0}}, p. 248</ref> but it was not until the second [[folk revival]] in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county, including [[industrial folk song]], began to gain attention.<ref name="Boyes1993"/> The county produced one of the major figures of the revival in [[Ewan MacColl]], but also a local champion in [[Harry Boardman]], who from 1965 onwards probably did more than anyone to popularise and record the folk song of the county.<ref>''Folk North West'', {{cite web|url=http://www.folknorthwest.co.uk/harry_boardman.htm |title=Harry Boardman |access-date=2009-02-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212123824/http://folknorthwest.co.uk/harry_boardman.htm |archive-date=12 February 2009 }}, retrieved 16 February 2009</ref> Perhaps the most influential folk artists to emerge from the region in the late 20th century were Liverpool folk group [[The Spinners (UK band)|the Spinners]], and from Manchester folk troubadour [[Roy Harper (singer)|Roy Harper]] and musician, comedian and broadcaster [[Mike Harding]].<ref name=Frame1999/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dirtylinen.com/feature/50harper.html|title=Roy Harper|date=February–March 1994 |work=Dirty Linen |first1=John C. |last1=Falstaff |access-date=4 November 2018|archive-date=21 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021215750/http://www.dirtylinen.com/feature/50harper.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>S. Broughton, M. Ellingham and R. Trillo, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA67 World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East]'' (Rough Guides, 1999), {{ISBN|1-85828-635-2}}, p. 67</ref> The region is home to numerous [[folk clubs]], many of them catering to [[Irish folk music|Irish]] and [[Scottish folk music]]. Regular [[folk festival]]s include the Fylde Folk Festival at [[Fleetwood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.folkandroots.co.uk/festivals.html |title=2009 Folk Festivals – Britain |website=Folk and Roots |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224075454/http://www.folkandroots.co.uk/festivals.html |archive-date=24 February 2009 |access-date=25 February 2009}}</ref>

====Classical music====
Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and [[classical music]], with very large numbers of local church [[choir]]s from the 17th century,<ref>R. Cowgill and P. Holman, ''Music in the British Provinces, 1690–1914'' (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007), {{ISBN|0-7546-3160-5}}, p. 207</ref> leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused on performances of the music of [[Handel]] and his contemporaries.<ref>R. Southey, ''Music-Making in North-East England During the Eighteenth Century'' (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7546-5097-9}}, pp.&nbsp;131–2</ref> It also played a major part in the development of [[Brass band (British style)|brass band]]s which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century.<ref>D. Russell, ''Popular Music in England, 1840–1914: a Social History'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), {{ISBN|0-7190-2361-0}}, p. 163</ref> The first open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853, and continued annually until the 1980s.<ref>A. Baines, ''The Oxford Companion to Musical Instruments'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), {{ISBN|0-19-311334-1}}, p. 41</ref> 

The vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the [[The Hallé|Hallé Orchestra]] from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom.<ref>D. Russell, ''Popular Music in England, 1840–1914: a Social History'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), {{ISBN|0-7190-2361-0}}, p. 230</ref> The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir [[William Walton]] (1902–88), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher,<ref>D. Clark and J. Staines, ''Rough Guide to Classical Music'' (Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2001), {{ISBN|1-85828-721-9}}, p. 568</ref> Sir [[Thomas Beecham]] (1879–1961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras<ref>L. Jenkins, ''While Spring and Summer Sang: Thomas Beecham and the Music of Frederick Delius'' (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005), {{ISBN|0-7546-0721-6}}, p. 1</ref> and [[Alan Rawsthorne]] (1905–71) born in Haslingden.<ref>J. McCabe, ''Alan Rawsthorne: Portrait of a Composer'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), {{ISBN|0-19-816693-1}}</ref> The conductor [[David Atherton]], co-founder of the [[London Sinfonietta]], was born in Blackpool in 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebiography.us/en/atherton-david|title=Biography of David Atherton <small>(1944-VVVV)</small>|work=thebiography.us|access-date=26 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226232715/http://thebiography.us/en/atherton-david|archive-date=26 February 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Lancashire also produced more populist figures, such as early [[musical theatre]] composer [[Leslie Stuart]] (1863–1928), born in Southport, who began his musical career as organist of [[Salford Cathedral]].<ref>A. Lamb, ''Leslie Stuart: Composer of Floradora'' (London: Routledge, 2002), {{ISBN|0-415-93747-7}}</ref>

More recent Lancashire-born composers include [[Hugh Wood]] (1932– Parbold),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicsalesclassical.com/composer/long-bio/hugh-wood|title=Hugh Wood|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113134237/http://www.musicsalesclassical.com/composer/long-bio/hugh-wood|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sir [[Peter Maxwell Davies]] (1934–2016, Salford),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/jun/19/classicalmusicandopera.proms2004|title=Profile: Peter Maxwell Davies|author=Stephen Moss|work=The Guardian|date=19 June 2004|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305010600/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/jun/19/classicalmusicandopera.proms2004|archive-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sir [[Harrison Birtwistle]] (1934–2022, Accrington),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?composerid=2729&ttype=BIOGRAPHY|title=Harrison Birtwistle|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113132757/http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?composerid=2729&ttype=BIOGRAPHY|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Gordon Crosse]] (1937–, Bury),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmcrec.co.uk/composer/crosse-gordon|title=Crosse, Gordon – NMC Recordings|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113141511/http://www.nmcrec.co.uk/composer/crosse-gordon|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[John McCabe (composer)|John McCabe]] (1939–2015, Huyton),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.johnmccabe.com/biography.htm|title=John McCabe – biography|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115113314/http://www.johnmccabe.com/biography.htm|archive-date=15 January 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Roger Smalley]] (1943–2015, Swinton), [[Nigel Osborne]] (1948–, Manchester), [[Steve Martland]] (1954–2013, Liverpool),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schott-music.com/shop/persons/featured/steve-martland/index.html|title=Schott Music – Steve Martland – Profile|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120071913/http://www.schott-music.com/shop/persons/featured/steve-martland/index.html|archive-date=20 November 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Simon Holt]] (1958–, Bolton)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicsalesclassical.com/composer/short-bio/simon-holt|title=Simon Holt|work=musicsalesclassical.com|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081945/http://www.musicsalesclassical.com/composer/short-bio/Simon-Holt|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Philip Cashian]] (1963–, Manchester).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philipcashian.com/biography|title=Philip Cashian – Biography|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113123738/http://www.philipcashian.com/biography|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The [[Royal Manchester College of Music]] was founded in 1893 to provide a northern counterpart to the London musical colleges. It merged with the Northern College of Music (formed in 1920) to form the Royal Northern College of Music in 1972.<ref>M. Kennedy, ''The History of the Royal Manchester College of Music, 1893–1972'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1971), {{ISBN|0-7190-0435-7}}</ref>

====Popular music====
[[File:The Beatles members at New York City in 1964.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Beatles]] began in Liverpool before the city's county was changed from Lancashire to [[Merseyside]]]]
[[Liverpool]], both during its time in Lancashire and after being moved to the new county of [[Merseyside]], has produced a number of successful musicians. This includes pop stars such as [[Frankie Vaughan]] and [[Lita Roza]], as well as rock stars such as [[Billy Fury]], who is considered to be one of the most successful [[British rock|British rock and roll]] stars of all time.<ref name=Frame1999>P. Frame, ''Pete Frame's Rockin' Around Britain: Rock'n'Roll Landmarks of the UK and Ireland'' (London: Music Sales Group, 1999), {{ISBN|0-7119-6973-6}}, pp.&nbsp;72–6</ref> Many Lancashire towns had vibrant [[skiffle]] scenes in the late 1950s, out of which a culture of [[Beat (music)|beat]] groups emerged by the early 1960s, particularly around Liverpool and [[Manchester]]. It has been estimated that there were at least 350 bands—including [[the Beatles]]—active in and around Liverpool during this era, playing ballrooms, concert halls, and clubs.<ref>A. H. Goldman, ''The Lives of John Lennon'' (A Capella, 2001), {{ISBN|1-55652-399-8}}, p. 92</ref> A number of Liverpool performers followed the Beatles into the charts, including [[Gerry & the Pacemakers]], [[The Searchers (band)|the Searchers]], and [[Cilla Black]].

The first musicians to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool or managed by Beatles manager [[Brian Epstein]] were Manchester's [[Freddie and the Dreamers]],<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/05/20/ufreddie.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/05/20/ixnews.html {{"'}}Dreamers' star Freddie Garrity dies"]{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''Daily Telegraph'', 20 May 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2007</ref> with [[Herman's Hermits]] and [[the Hollies]] also hailing from Manchester.<ref>V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1-pH4i3jXvAC&pg=PA532 All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop and Soul]'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, p. 532</ref> The Beatles led a movement by various beat groups from the region which culminated in the [[British Invasion]] of the US, which in turn made a major contribution to the development of modern [[rock music]].<ref name=Bogdanov2002BI>V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp.&nbsp;1316–7</ref> After the decline of beat groups in the late 1960s, the centre of rock culture shifted to London, and there were relatively few Lancashire bands who achieved national prominence until the growth of a [[disco]] scene and the [[punk rock]] revolution in the mid-and-late 1970s.<ref>S. Cohen, ''Rock Culture in Liverpool: Popular Music in the Making'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), {{ISBN|0-19-816178-6}}, p. 14</ref>

The towns of [[Accrington]], [[Burnley]], [[Chorley]], [[Clitheroe]], [[Colne]], [[Lytham St Annes]], [[Morecambe]], [[Nelson, Lancashire|Nelson]], [[Ormskirk]] and [[Skelmersdale]] as well as the cities of [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] and [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] are referenced in the 1991 song, "[[It's Grim Up North]]" by the band [[the KLF]].