Editing Jesuits (section)

==Nazi persecution==
{{Main|Jesuits and Nazi Germany}}

The Catholic Church faced [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church|persecution in Nazi Germany]]. [[Adolf Hitler]], though baptized and confirmed in the Catholic faith and raised in a Catholic household, was [[anticlerical]] and had particular disdain for the Jesuits. According to John Pollard, the Jesuits' "ethos represented the most intransigent opposition to the philosophy of Nazism",{{sfn|Pollard|2006|p=357}} and so the Nazis considered them as one of their most dangerous enemies. A Jesuit college in the city of [[Innsbruck]] served as a center for anti-Nazi resistance and was closed down by the Nazis in 1938.{{sfn|Pollard|2006|p=356}}

Jesuits were a target for [[Gestapo]] persecution, and many Jesuit priests were deported to death camps.{{sfn|Pollard|2006|p=356–357}} Jesuits made up the largest contingent of clergy imprisoned in the [[Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp]].{{sfn|Lapomarda|2005|pp= 140–141}} Vincent Lapomarda lists some 30 Jesuits as having died at Dachau.{{sfn|Lapomarda|2005|loc=appx. A}} Of the 152 Jesuits murdered by the Nazis across Europe, 43 died in the death camps and an additional 27 died from captivity or its results.{{sfn|Lapomarda|2005|loc=p. 33, appx. A}}

The Superior General of Jesuits at the outbreak of war was [[Wlodzimierz Ledóchowski]], a Pole. The [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland]] was particularly severe. Lapomarda wrote that Ledóchowski helped "stiffen the general attitude of the Jesuits against the Nazis" and that he permitted [[Vatican Radio]] to carry on its campaign against the Nazis in Poland. Vatican Radio was run by the Jesuit Filippo Soccorsi and spoke out against Nazi oppression, particularly with regard to Poland and to Vichy-French antisemitism.{{sfn|Lapomarda|2005|pp=266–267}}

[[File:Alfred Delp Mannheim.jpg|thumb|upright|Jesuit [[Alfred Delp]], member of the [[Kreisau Circle]] that operated within Nazi Germany was executed in February 1945<ref>Anton Gill; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; p. 264.</ref>]]

Several Jesuits were prominent in the small [[German resistance to Nazism|German Resistance]].{{sfn|Lapomarda|2005|p=33}} Among the central membership of the [[Kreisau Circle]] of the Resistance were the Jesuit priests [[Augustin Rösch]], [[Alfred Delp]], and [[Lothar König]].<ref>Peter Hoffmann; ''The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945''; 3rd ed. (1st English ed.); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p. 33.</ref> The Bavarian Jesuit Provincial, [[Augustin Rösch]], ended the war on death row for his role in the [[July Plot]] to overthrow Hitler. Another non-military German Resistance group, dubbed the [[Solf Circle|"Frau Solf Tea Party"]] by the Gestapo, included the Jesuit priest [[Friedrich Erxleben]].{{sfn|Shirer|1960|pp=1025–1026}} The German Jesuit [[Robert Leiber]] acted as intermediary between [[Pius XII and the German Resistance]].<ref>[[:de:Peter Hoffmann (Historiker, 1930)|Peter Hoffmann]]; ''The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945''; 3rd ed. (1st English ed.); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p. 160</ref>{{sfn|Shirer|1960|pp=648–649}}

Among the Jesuit victims of the Nazis, Germany's [[Rupert Mayer]] has been beatified. Mayer was a Bavarian Jesuit who clashed with the Nazis as early as 1923. Continuing his critique following Hitler's rise to power, Mayer was imprisoned in 1939 and sent to [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp|Sachsenhausen]] [[Extermination camp|death camp]]. As his health declined, the Nazis feared the creation of a martyr and sent him to the Abbey of Ettal in 1940. There he continued to give sermons and lectures against the evils of the Nazi régime, until his death in 1945.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/pontiff-praises-a-bavarian-foe-of-nazism |title=Pontiff Praises a Bavarian Foe of Nazism |publisher=[[Zenit News Agency]] |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173707/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/pontiff-praises-a-bavarian-foe-of-nazism |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=472 |title=Library: The Gentile Holocaust |publisher=Catholic Culture |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024133813/http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=472 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Rescue efforts during the Holocaust===
{{Further|Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust}}
In his history of the heroes of the Holocaust, the Jewish historian [[Martin Gilbert]] notes that in every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews, and that the Jesuits were one of the Catholic Orders that hid Jewish children in monasteries and schools to protect them from the Nazis.<ref>Martin Gilbert. ''The Righteous – The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust''; Doubleday; 2002; {{ISBN|0-385-60100-X}}; p. 299</ref><ref>Martin Gilbert; ''The Righteous: the Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust''; Holt Paperback; New York; 2004; Preface</ref>

Fourteen Jesuit priests have been formally recognized by [[Yad Vashem]], the [[Holocaust]] Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem, for risking their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust of World War II: Roger Braun (1910–1981) of France,<ref>[http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/righteousName.html?language=en&itemId=4042776 Braun Roger (1910–1981)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204170420/https://righteous.yadvashem.org/index.html?language=en&itemId=4042776 |date=4 December 2022 }}, Yad Vashem</ref> [[Pierre Chaillet]] (1900–1972) of France,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaillet Pierre |work=The Righteous Among the Nations Database |url=https://righteous.yadvashem.org/ |access-date=16 January 2023 |publisher=Yad Vashem |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517215831/https://righteous.yadvashem.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jean-Baptist De Coster (Jesuit)|Jean-Baptist De Coster]] (1896–1968) of Belgium,<ref>[http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4042720 De Coster, Father Jean-Baptiste] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531083547/https://righteous.yadvashem.org/index.html?language=en&itemId=4042720 |date=31 May 2020 }}, Yad Vashem</ref> Jean Fleury (1905–1982) of France,<ref>[http://db. yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4042826 Fleury Jean (1905–1982)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203654/http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4042826 |date=8 December 2015 }}, Yad Vashem</ref> Emile Gessler (1891–1958) of Belgium, [[Jean-Baptiste Janssens]] (1889–1964) of Belgium, Alphonse Lambrette (1884–1970) of Belgium, Emile Planckaert (1906–2006) of France, Jacob Raile (1894–1949) of Hungary, Henri Revol (1904–1992) of France, Adam Sztark (1907–1942) of Poland, Henri Van Oostayen (1906–1945) of Belgium, Ioannes Marangas (1901–1989) of Greece, and Raffaele de Chantuz Cubbe (1904–1983) of Italy.<ref>Vincent A. Lapomarda, ''The Jesuits and the Third Reich'' ([[Lewiston, New York]]: [[Edwin Mellen Press]], 1989).</ref>

Several other Jesuits are known to have rescued or given refuge to Jews during that period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holycross.edu/departments/library/website/hiatt/righteous.htm |title=Hiatt Holocaust Collection |publisher=Holycross. edu |access-date=4 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528010951/http://www.holycross.edu/departments/library/website/hiatt/righteous.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 }}</ref> A plaque commemorating the 152 Jesuit priests who gave their lives during the Holocaust was installed in April 2007 at the Jesuits' [[Rockhurst University]] in [[Kansas City, Missouri]], United States.