Editing History of Peru (section)

===Third Militarism (1930–1939)===
With Leguía overthrown, the country entered its '''Third Militarism''' ({{langx|es|Tercer militarismo}}), as military figures once again took control of the government. A military junta was established, and [[Manuel María Ponce Brousset]] was the first to assume the presidency, being succeeded by the more popular [[Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro]], who was the first Peruvian President to have [[Indigenous Peruvians|Indigenous Peruvian]] ancestry<ref>{{cite book|title=Argentina, Brazil and Chile Since Independence|author=George Washington University Seminar Conference on Hispanic American Affairs, James Fred Rippy, Alva Curtis Wilgus|publisher=Russell & Russell|year=1963|pages=11}}</ref>  as well as allegedly also being of [[Afro-Peruvian]] [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]] descent based on a rumour he was from a part of [[Piura]] populated by descendants of Malagasy slaves.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adonde.com/presidentes/1930sanchezcerro.htm |title=El primer mestizo que llegó al poder |access-date=2022-10-05 |archive-date=2017-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711015940/http://adonde.com/presidentes/1930sanchezcerro.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>El escritor [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], piurano por adopción, dice al respecto en sus memorias: «La leyenda inventó que el general Sánchez Cerro —dictador que fundó la UR y que fue asesinado por un aprista el 30 de abril de 1933— había nacido en La Mangachería y por eso todos los mangaches eran urristas, y todas las cabañas de barro y caña brava de ese barrio de calles de tierra y lleno de churres y piajenos (como se llama a los niños y a los burros en la jerga piurana) lucían bailoteando en las paredes alguna descolorida imagen de Sánchez Cerro.» (''El pez en el agua'', 1993, pág. 27).</ref> Other major events of this period were the beginning of the irruption of the organized masses in politics and the growth of the middle classes.

Sánchez Cerro called for elections while in power, intending to run as a candidate. Due to this, a revolt took place in Arequipa, where Sánchez Cerro was forced to resign. As a result, then Archbishop of Lima, Monsignor {{ill|Mariano Holguín|es|Mariano Holguín}} took over the junta on April 1, 1931. After a few hours, Holguín transferred his power to [[Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias|Leoncio Elías]]. Elías had called a meeting where it was agreed that [[David Samanez Ocampo]] would become the new head of state, but arrangements for this never took place, as he was overthrown by [[Gustavo Jiménez]], who had returned from Arequipa, where he had travelled to stop the revolt. Nevertheless, Samanez Ocampo, who was chosen due to his popularity, assumed the presidency on March 11, 1931, and called for elections on October 11 of the same year. As a result, Sánchez Cerro was elected president of Peru.
[[File:Sánchez Cerro - Constitución de 1933.JPG|thumb|left|Sánchez Cerro during the signing ceremony of the [[Constitution of Peru (1933)|new constitution]] on April 9, 1933.]]
Sánchez Cerro's government was opposed by the left-wing [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance]], and, as a result, political repression was brutal in the early 1930s, with tens of thousands of ''Apristas'' were executed or imprisoned. A [[1932 Trujillo uprising|revolt]] that took place in Trujillo and was brutally repressed was one such example.

This period was also characterized by a sudden population growth and an increase in urbanization. According to [[Alberto Flores Galindo]], "By the 1940 census, the last that utilized racial categories, [[mestizo]]s were grouped with whites, and the two constituted more than 53 percent of the population. Mestizos likely outnumbered the indigenous peoples and were the largest population group."<ref>{{Cite book| last = Galindo| first = Alberto Flores | title = In Search of an Inca: Identity and Utopia in the Andes| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2010| page = 247| isbn = 978-0-521-59861-3}}</ref>

Under Sánchez Cerro's constitutional government, a [[Constitution of Peru (1933)|new constitution]] would be adopted, and works such as the construction of the ''[[Carretera Central (Peru)|Carretera Central]]'', which connected Lima with [[La Oroya]], [[Tarma]] and [[La Merced, Junín|La Merced]] and the investment in the [[Peruvian Armed Forces]] took place. The latter proved to be an important part of the government, as all three branches of the Armed Forces would soon become involved in the [[Colombian–Peruvian territorial dispute|conflict with Colombia]], that would erupt into armed conflict in September 1932.

====Conflict with Colombia====
[[File:Ocupación peruana de Leticia.jpg|thumb|left|The [[flag of Peru]] flies over the port of Leticia after the takeover]]
The foreign policy of Sánchez Cerro's government was initially intended to respect the border treaties signed up to that point, but public opposition to the [[Salomón–Lozano Treaty]] eventually led to a [[Leticia Incident|civilian takeover]] of the port town of [[Leticia, Amazonas|Leticia]], which ended up being supported by the government. The event led to protests in [[Colombia]], and the beginning of the [[Colombia–Peru War]] on September 1, 1932.

On April 30, 1933, while reviewing troops in the [[El Campo de Marte|Santa Beatriz Hipodrome]], Sánchez Cerro was [[Assassination of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro|assassinated]] by Abelardo González Leiva, who shot him three times. It was later publicized that González was a member of the APRA Party, leading to speculation on whether he had been ordered to carry out the attack or had acted alone. Sánchez Cerro's was succeeded as Supreme Chief of his political party, [[Revolutionary Union (Peru)|Revolutionary Union]], by [[Luis A. Flores]], who reconstructed the party into a more [[Fascism|fascist]] direction, modelling it after the [[National Fascist Party]] of [[Italy under fascism|Italy]].

====Final years====
[[Óscar R. Benavides]] assumed the presidency as a result of Sánchez Cerro's assassination and upheld the Salomón–Lozano Treaty with Colombia, leading to the end of the war. He also signed the General Amnesty Law on August 9, 1933, which favored the ''Apristas''. But after a revolutionary attempt in [[El Agustino]], the anti-''Aprista'' persecution resumed. The ''Apristas'' responded with terrorist acts throughout the country, including the assassination of [[Antonio Miró Quesada de la Guerra|Antonio Miró Quesada]], owner of [[El Comercio (Peru)|''El Comercio'']], and his wife on May 15, 1935.

Under Benavides' government, new ministries were created and tourism was promoted. The [[Government Palace, Peru|Government Palace]] was renovated in 1937, the [[Legislative Palace (Peru)|Legislative Palace]] and [[Palace of Justice, Lima|Palace of Justice]] were finished, and social works were put into place, including the construction of dining rooms and sewers.

During this period, the [[Spanish Civil War]] began in 1936. As a result, pro-[[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republican]] and pro-[[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] factions were established by the Spanish residents in Peru, as well as their Peruvian sympathizers. The former was more popular among left-leaning groups, including the ''Apristas'', while the latter was more popular among the aristocracy and the Spanish expatriates living in Peru, evoking the feeling of the ''[[Hispanidad]]''. A ''Spanish–Peruvian Clothing Fund'' ({{langx|es|Ropero Peruano Español}}) was established in Lima, which was nominally in charge of delivering clothing to the children of both factions, but ended up assisting the Nationalist faction almost exclusively. As a result of its support of the [[Francisco Franco|Francoist]] side, Peru did not receive [[Spanish Republican government in exile|Republican exiles]] after the war, instead continuing its relations with the new government in [[Francoist Spain|Spain]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=El Perú y la Guerra Civil Española |journal=Revista de Antropología y Sociología: Virajes |url=https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/virajes/article/view/930 |last=Bonilla |first=Heraclio |issue=2 |volume=16 |pages=213–228 |via=[[University of Caldas]] |year=2014}}</ref> The conflict increased the divide between the right and left-leaning sectors of society, most notably in cities such as [[Arequipa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=La Representación de la Guerra Civil Española por la Prensa Escrita Arequipeña (1936-1939) |last=Nalvarte Lozada |first=Juan Carlos |journal=Historelo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local |publisher=[[Universidad Católica de San Pablo]] |year=2019 |volume=11 |issue=21 |pages=173–210 |location=Arequipa |doi=10.15446/historelo.v11n21.73096 |s2cid=239136910 |language=es |doi-access=free }}</ref>

During the last years of the Benavides government, the weariness of the population became noticeable. On February 19, 1939, General [[Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez]] attempted a coup, apparently with great support from various sectors. Although said caudillo was killed in the Government Palace after being machine-gunned by a police officer, Benavides understood the message and called for [[1939 Peruvian general election|general elections]], that took place on October 22 of the same year. The government's candidate and the son of former President [[Mariano Ignacio Prado]], banker [[Manuel Prado Ugarteche]], easily beat his opponent, lawyer {{ill|José Quesada Larrea|es|José Quesada Larrea}}. As a result, there was talk of electoral fraud.