Editing Haredi Judaism (section)

=== Sex separation ===
[[File:Separate beach signs, Ashkelon.jpg|thumb|Gender-separate beach in Israel. To accommodate Haredi and other Orthodox Jews, many coastal resorts in Israel have a designated area for sex-separate bathing.<ref>{{harvnb|Landau|1993|p=276}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ettinger|2011b}}</ref>]]
While Jewish modesty law requires [[Gender separation in Judaism|gender separation]] under various circumstances, observers have contended that there is a growing trend among some groups of Hasidic Haredi Jews to extend its observance to the public arena.<ref name="Zeveloff 2011">{{harvnb|Zeveloff|2011}}</ref>

In the Hasidic village of [[Kiryas Joel, New York]], an entrance sign asks visitors to "maintain sex separation in all public areas", and the bus stops have separate waiting areas for men and women.<ref>{{harvnb|Chavkin|Nathan-Kazis|2011}}</ref> In [[New Square]], another Hasidic enclave, men and women are expected to walk on opposite sides of the road.<ref name="Zeveloff 2011"/> In Israel, Jerusalem residents of [[Mea Shearim]] were banned from erecting a street barrier dividing men and women during the week-long [[Sukkot]] festival's nightly parties;<ref>{{harvnb|Rosenberg|2011}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sharon|2012}}</ref> and street signs requesting that women avoid certain pavements in [[Beit Shemesh]] have been repeatedly removed by the municipality.<ref>{{harvnb|Heller|2012}}</ref>

Since 1973, buses catering to Haredi Jews running from Rockland County and Brooklyn into Manhattan have had separate areas for men and women, allowing passengers to conduct on-board prayer services.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Jewish Spectator|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0NNAAAAYAAJ|year=1977|publisher=School of the Jewish Woman|page=6|quote=THE NEW YORK State Assembly has passed a law permitting segregated seating for women on the buses chartered by ultra-Orthodox Jews for the routes from their Brooklyn and Rockland County (Spring Valley, Monsey, New Square) neighborhoods to their places of business and work in Manhattan. The buses are equipped with mehitzot, which separate the men's section from the women's. The operator of the partitioned buses, and the sponsors of the law that permits their unequal seating argued their case by invoking freedom of religion.}}</ref> Although the lines are privately operated, they serve the general public, and in 2011, the set-up was challenged on grounds of discrimination, and the arrangement was deemed illegal.<ref>{{harvnb|Dashefsky|Sheskin|2012|p=129}}<!-- "But in October, a Columbia University journalism student reported a scoop—quickly picked up by the media—that such segregation was practiced in New York City on the B110 bus between Boro Park and Williamsburg, Brooklyn, run by a private company that had a franchise agreement with the city. Apparently, the line had been in existence for decades, but since the only riders were strictly Orthodox Jews who preferred the separate seating, the public had never heard of it before. Nevertheless, forced separation was illegal for a franchisee, and the owners of the line, who said they were "in full compliance" with the law, promised to "confirm our policy of non-discriminatory conduct with our drivers and other company personnel". --></ref><ref>{{harvnb|Haughney|2011}}</ref> During 2010–2012, there was much public debate in Israel surrounding the existence of segregated Haredi [[Mehadrin bus lines]] (whose policy calls for both men and women to stay in their respective areas: men in the front of the bus,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kobre|first=Eytan|date=28 December 2011|title=In The Hot Seat|url=http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1697/In-The-Hot-Seat#showDiv1|journal=[[Mishpacha]]|access-date=18 December 2013|archive-date=3 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103132148/http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1697/In-The-Hot-Seat#showDiv1}}</ref> and women in the rear of the bus) following an altercation that occurred after a woman refused to move to the rear of the bus to sit among the women. A subsequent court ruling stated that while voluntary segregation should be allowed, forced separation is unlawful.<ref name="Katya Alder">{{cite news|author=Katya Alder|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6584661.stm |title=Israel's 'modesty buses' draw fire|work=BBC News|date= 24 April 2007}}</ref> Israeli national airline [[El Al]] has agreed to provide gender-separated flights in consideration of Haredi requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3654758,00.html |title=El Al to launch kosher flights for haredim - Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews |publisher=Ynet.co.il |access-date=2013-09-21}}</ref>

[[File:Bais-Yaakov-1.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Bais Yaakov]] graduating class of 1934 in [[Łódź]], Poland]]
Education in the Haredi community is strictly segregated by sex. [[Jewish education#The yeshiva|Yeshiva education for boys]] is primarily focused on the study of Jewish scriptures, such as the [[Tanakh|Torah]] and [[Talmud]] (''non-Hasidic'' yeshivas in the United States teach secular studies in the afternoon); girls obtain studies both in Jewish religious education as well as broader secular subjects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1271.pdf |title=Israel: Selected Issues Paper; IMF Country Report 12/71; March 9, 2012 |access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref>