Editing Gulf War (section)

==Casualties==

===Civilian===
[[File:Kurdish refugees travel by truck, Turkey, 1991.jpeg|thumb|[[Iraqi Kurds]] fleeing to Turkey shortly after the war]]

Over 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed by Iraqis.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Use of Terror During Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait|url=http://www.jewishagency.org/news/content/28866|date=2007-08-22 |website=The Jewish Agency |access-date=2 May 2016|archive-date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920094524/http://www.jewishagency.org/news/content/28866}}</ref> More than 600 Kuwaitis went [[missing people|missing]] during Iraq's occupation,<ref>{{cite news|title=Iraq and Kuwait Discuss Fate of 600 Missing Since Gulf War |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jan-09-fg-missing9-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=9 January 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152741/https://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/09/world/fg-missing9 |archive-date= 10 October 2017 }}</ref> and approximately 375 remains were found in mass graves in Iraq. The increased importance of air attacks from both coalition [[warplanes]] and [[cruise missiles]] led to controversy over the number of civilian deaths caused during Desert Storm's initial stages. Within Desert Storm's first 24 hours, more than 1,000 sorties were flown, many against targets in Baghdad. The city was the target of heavy bombing, as it was the seat of power for Saddam and the Iraqi forces' [[Command and Control (Military)|command and control]]. This ultimately led to [[civilian casualties]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

In one noted incident, two [[USAF]] stealth planes bombed [[Amiriyah shelter bombing|a bunker in Amiriyah]], causing the deaths of 408 Iraqi civilians in the shelter.<ref name=CSM2002>Scott Peterson, [http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1022/p01s01-wosc.htm "'Smarter' bombs still hit civilians"], ''Christian Science Monitor'', 22 October 2002. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709205401/http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1022/p01s01-wosc.htm |date=9 July 2009 }}.</ref> Scenes of burned and mutilated bodies were subsequently broadcast, and controversy arose over the bunker's status, with some stating that it was a civilian shelter, while others contended that it was a center of Iraqi military operations, and that the civilians had been deliberately moved there to act as [[human shield]]s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Saddam's government gave high civilian casualty to draw support from Islamic countries. The Iraqi government claimed that 2,300 civilians died during the air campaign.{{sfnp|Tucker|2010|p=265}} According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study, 3,664 Iraqi civilians were killed in the conflict.<ref name="POL">{{cite web|url=http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8ap2.html |date= 20 October 2003 |first1=Carl |last1=Conetta |title=Wages of War{{snd}}Appendix 2: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 1991 Gulf War |publisher=The Commonwealth Institute and the Project on Defense Alternatives |access-date=1 February 2011}}</ref>

During the nationwide [[1991 Iraqi uprisings|uprisings]] against the Ba'athist Iraqi government that directly followed the end of the Gulf War in March and April, an estimated 25,000 to 100,000 Iraqis were killed, overwhelmingly civilians.<ref name="ENDLESS"/>

A [[Harvard University]] study released in June 1991 predicted that there would be tens of thousands of additional Iraqi civilian deaths by the end of 1991 due to the "public health catastrophe" caused by the destruction of the country's electrical generating capacity. "Without electricity, hospitals cannot function, perishable medicines spoil, water cannot be purified and raw sewage cannot be processed,". The US government refused to release its own study of the effects of the Iraqi public health crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyler |first=Patrick E. |date=1991-06-03 |title=U.S. Officials Believe Iraq Will Take Years to Rebuild |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/03/world/us-officials-believe-iraq-will-take-years-to-rebuild.html |issn=0362-4331 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164729/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/03/world/us-officials-believe-iraq-will-take-years-to-rebuild.html |archive-date=18 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

An investigation in 1992 by Beth Osborne Daponte estimated about 13,000 civilians were directly killed in the war, while another 70,000 died indirectly from the war's other effects.<ref name="Robert Fisk" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Toting the Casualties of War |url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/feb2003/nf2003026_0167_db052.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030219033933/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/feb2003/nf2003026_0167_db052.htm |archive-date=19 February 2003 |work=Businessweek |date=6 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ford |first=Peter |title=Bid to stem civilian deaths tested |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0409/p06s01-woiq.html |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=9 April 2003}}</ref> According to a 1992 study published in [[The New England Journal of Medicine]] by researchers known as the International Study Team (IST), child mortality increased threefold as a result of the war, with 46,900 children under the age of 5 dying between January and August 1991.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effect of the Gulf War on infant and child mortality in Iraq |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1513350/#:~:text=Conclusions%3A%20These%20results%20provide%20strong,between%20January%20and%20August%201991. |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine| date=1992 | pmid=1513350 | last1=Ascherio | first1=A. | last2=Chase | first2=R. | last3=Coté | first3=T. | last4=Dehaes | first4=G. | last5=Hoskins | first5=E. | last6=Laaouej | first6=J. | last7=Passey | first7=M. | last8=Qaderi | first8=S. | last9=Shuqaidef | first9=S. | last10=Smith | first10=M. C. | volume=327 | issue=13 | pages=931–936 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199209243271306 }}</ref> However, these figures have been challenged by a 2017 study published in [[The BMJ]], which stated that the "IST survey probably understated the level of child mortality that prevailed during 1985–1990 and overstated the level during 1991." According to this study, "there was no major rise in child mortality in Iraq after 1990".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dyson|first1=Tim|last2=Cetorelli|first2=Valeria|date=2017-07-01|title=Changing views on child mortality and economic sanctions in Iraq: a history of lies, damned lies and statistics|journal=BMJ Global Health|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=e000311|doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000311|pmid=29225933|issn=2059-7908|pmc=5717930}}</ref> A report published in 2002 by [[Medact]] estimated the total number of Iraqi deaths caused directly and indirectly by the Gulf War to be between 142,500 and 206,000, including 100,000–120,000 military deaths, and 20,000–35,000 civilian deaths in the [[1991 Iraqi uprisings|civil war]] and 15,000–30,000 refugee deaths after the end of the Gulf war.<ref name="Collateral damage">[https://www.ippnw.org/pdf/medact-iraq-2002.pdf Collateral damage: The health and environmental costs of war on Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719070432/https://www.ippnw.org/pdf/medact-iraq-2002.pdf |date=19 July 2020 }}, ''[[Medact]]''</ref>

Iraq also launched numerous attacks on civilian targets in Israel and Saudi Arabia. A 1991 report by [[Middle East Watch]] said that at least one Saudi civilian was killed after they were hit by Iraqi shelling in [[Riyadh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=9 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/gulfwar/CHAP9.htm |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> A disputed number of people were also killed during the [[Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

===Iraqi===
A United Nations report in March 1991 described the effect on Iraq of the US-led bombing campaign as "near apocalyptic", bringing back Iraq to the "pre-industrial age."<ref>''New York Times'', 22 March 1991 "[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/22/world/after-the-war-un-survey-calls-iraq-s-war-damage-near-apocalyptic.html After the War; U.N. Survey Calls Iraq's War Damage Near-Apocalyptic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164833/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/22/world/after-the-war-un-survey-calls-iraq-s-war-damage-near-apocalyptic.html |date=18 November 2018 }}"</ref> The exact number of Iraqi combat casualties is unknown, but is believed to have been heavy. Some estimate that Iraq sustained between 20,000 and 35,000 fatalities.<ref name="Robert Fisk">Robert Fisk, ''The Great War For Civilisation; The Conquest of the Middle East'' (Fourth Estate, 2005), p.853.</ref> A report commissioned by the US Air Force estimated 10,000–12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign, and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Keaney |first=Thomas |author2=Eliot A. Cohen |title=Gulf War Air Power Survey |publisher=United States Dept. of the Air Force |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-16-041950-8}}</ref> This analysis is based on Iraqi prisoner of war reports.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study, between 20,000 and 26,000 Iraqi military personnel were killed in the conflict while 75,000 others were wounded.<ref name="POL" />

According to [[Kanan Makiya]], "For the Iraqi people, the cost of enforcing the will of the United Nations has been grotesque."<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1991/04/11/iraq-and-its-future/|title=Iraq and Its Future &#124; by Samir al-Khalil &#124; The New York Review of Books|first=Samir|last=al-Khalil|website=www.nybooks.com |date=11 April 1991}}</ref> General Schwarzkopf talked about "a very, very large number of dead in these units, a very, very large number indeed."{{sfnp|al-Khalil|1991}} The chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, [[Les Aspin]], estimated that "at least 65,000 Iraqi soldiers were killed".{{sfnp|al-Khalil|1991}} A figure was supported by Israeli sources who speak of "one to two hundred thousand Iraqi casualties." Most of the killing "took place during the ground war. Fleeing soldiers were bombed with a device known as a 'fuel-air explosive.'"{{sfnp|al-Khalil|1991}}

===Coalition===
{|class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right;"
|+Coalition troops killed by country
!Country
!Total
!Enemy<br/>action
!Accident
!Friendly<br/>fire
!Ref
|-
|align=left|{{Flagu|United States}} || 148 || 113 || 35 || 35 ||<ref name=cnn/>
|-
|align=left|{{Flagu|Senegal}}       || 92  ||     || 92  ||    ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19910321-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed C-130H Hercules 469 Rash Mishab|first=Harro|last=Ranter|access-date=5 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
|align=left|{{Flagu|United Kingdom}}|| 47  || 38  ||   1  || 9  ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britains-smallwars.com/gulf/Roll.html |title=Roll of Honour |publisher=Britains-smallwars.com |access-date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501162112/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/gulf/Roll.html |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>
|-
|align=left|{{Flagu|Saudi Arabia}}  || 24  ||  18 ||  6   ||    ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11661.html |title=Saudi Arabia{{snd}}Persian Gulf War, 1991 |publisher=Country-data.com |access-date=1 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="92-senegalese-soldiers-die" />
|-
|align=left|{{Flagu|Egypt}} || 11 ||  || 5 || ||<ref name="92-senegalese-soldiers-die">Schmitt, Eric (22 March 1991). [https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/22/world/after-the-war-92-senegalese-soldiers-die-in-saudi-arabia-air-crash.html "After the War"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020063210/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/22/world/after-the-war-92-senegalese-soldiers-die-in-saudi-arabia-air-crash.html |date=20 October 2017 }}. ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>[https://apnews.com/6f675aabb4b07225fea68fa64e3f976c "Soldier Reported Dead Shows Up at Parents' Doorstep"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203102032/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1991/Soldier-Reported-Dead-Shows-Up-at-Parents-Doorstep/id-6f675aabb4b07225fea68fa64e3f976c |date=3 February 2014 }}. Associated Press. 22 March 1991.</ref>
|-
|align=left|{{Flagu|France}}        || 9   ||  2  ||     ||    ||<ref name=cnn />
|-
|align=left|{{Flagu|United Arab Emirates}} || 6 || 6 ||  ||    ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-14256.html |title=The Role of the United Arab Emirates in the Iran-Iraq War and the Persian Gulf War |publisher=Country-data.com |access-date=1 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
|align=left|{{Flagu|Qatar}}         || 3   ||  3  ||     ||    ||<ref name=cnn />
|-
|align=left|{{Flagdeco|Ba'athist Syria}} Syria         || 2   ||    ||     ||    ||<ref name=nyt-Syria-double>Miller, Judith. "Syria Plans to Double Gulf Force." ''The New York Times'', 27 March 1991.</ref>
|-
|align=left|{{Flagu|Spain}} || 2 ||  || 2 || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Muere en accidente de tráfico en Abu Dabi un cabo de la fragata 'Victoria' |trans-title=Corporal of the frigate "Victoria" dies in traffic accident in Abu Dhabi |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1991/03/15/espana/668991613_850215.html |website=El País |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=es |date=14 March 1991 }}</ref>
|-
|align=left|{{Flagu|Kuwait}} || 1 || 1 || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-14245.html |title=Role of Kuwaiti Armed Forces in the Persian Gulf War |publisher=Country-data.com |date=24 February 1991 |access-date=1 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
|align=left|{{Flagu|Italy}} || 1 ||  || 1 || ||<ref>{{cite web |title=FESTA, LACRIME E AMAREZZA PER I MARO' RIENTRATI DAL GOLFO |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/03/02/festa-lacrime-amarezza-per-maro-rientrati-dal.html |website=la Repubblica |access-date=13 July 2022 |location=[[Taranto]] |language=it |date=2 March 1991}}</ref>
|-
|align=left|{{Flagu|Czechoslovakia}} || 1 || || 1|| ||<ref>{{cite web |title=podporučík in memoriam Petr ŠIMONKA {{!}} inmemoriam.army.cz |url=https://inmemoriam.army.cz/podporucik-memoriam-petr-simonka |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=inmemoriam.army.cz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sornas |first=Ladislav |date=2021-07-15 |title=Střelecká soutěž – Memoriál ppor. Petra Šimonky |url=https://www.svvcr.cz/strelecka-soutez-memorial-ppor-petra-simonky/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Sdružení válečných veteránů ČR |language=cs-CZ}}</ref>
|}
[[File:US Navy 090813-N-1522S-007 Members of a Navy honor guard carry the remains of Capt. Michael Scott Speicher to All Saints Chapel at Naval Air Station Jacksonville in Jacksonville, Fla.jpg|thumb|Sailors from a US Navy honor guard carry Navy pilot [[Scott Speicher]]'s remains.]]

The [[United States Department of Defense|US Department of Defense]] reports that US forces suffered 148 battle-related deaths (35 to friendly fire{{sfnp|Tucker|2010|p=470}}), with [[Scott Speicher|one pilot]] listed as [[Missing in action|MIA]] (his remains were found and identified in August 2009). A further 145 Americans died in non-combat accidents.<ref name=cnn /> The UK suffered 47 deaths (nine to friendly fire, all by US forces), France nine,<ref name=cnn /> and the other countries, not including Kuwait, suffered 37 deaths (18 Saudis, one Egyptian, six UAE and three Qataris).<ref name=cnn>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/facts/gulfwar/ |title=In-Depth Specials – Gulf War |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510125644/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/facts/gulfwar/ |archive-date=2007-05-10 |year=2001 |work=CNN}}</ref> At least 605 Kuwaiti soldiers were still missing 10 years after their capture.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Nicholas|last=Blanford |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1223/p07s01-wome.html |title=Kuwait hopes for answers on its Gulf War POWs |journal=Christian Science Monitor |year=2001}}</ref>

The largest single loss of life among coalition forces happened on 25 February 1991, when an Iraqi [[Al Hussein (missile)|Al Hussein missile]] hit a US military barrack in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 28 [[United States Army Reserve|US Army Reservists]] from [[Pennsylvania]]. In all, 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi fire during the war, 113 of whom were American, out of 358 coalition deaths. Another 44 soldiers were killed and 57 wounded by friendly fire. 145 soldiers died of exploding munitions or non-combat accidents.{{sfnp|Tucker|2010|p=264}}

The largest accident among coalition forces happened on 21 March 1991, when a Royal Saudi Air Force C-130H crashed in heavy smoke on approach to Ras Al-Mishab Airport, Saudi Arabia. 92 Senegalese soldiers and six Saudi crew members were killed.<ref name="92-senegalese-soldiers-die" />

The number of coalition wounded in combat was 776, including 458 Americans.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Persian Gulf War{{snd}}MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761551555_2/Arabian_Gulf_War.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021004902/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761551555_2/Persian_Gulf_War.html |archive-date=21 October 2009 }}</ref>

190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi combatants, the rest of the 379 coalition deaths were from friendly fire or accidents. This number was much lower than expected. Among the American combat dead were four female soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cost of Women in Combat|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79646&page=1|access-date=2021-03-25|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref>

====Friendly fire====
While the death toll among coalition forces engaging Iraqi combatants was very low, a substantial number of deaths were caused by accidental attacks from other Allied units. Of the 148 US troops who died in battle, 24% were killed by friendly fire, a total of 35 service personnel.{{sfnp|Tucker|2010|p=207}} A further 11 died in detonations of coalition munitions. Nine British military personnel were killed in a friendly fire incident when a USAF [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10 Thunderbolt II]] destroyed a group of two Warrior IFVs.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}