Editing European Space Agency (section)

===NASA===
The ESA has a long history of collaboration with [[NASA]]. Since ESA's astronaut corps was formed, the [[Space Shuttle]] has been the primary launch vehicle used by the ESA's astronauts to get into space through partnership programmes with NASA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the [[Spacelab]] programme was an ESA-NASA joint research programme that had the ESA develop and manufacture orbital labs for the Space Shuttle for several flights in which the ESA participates with astronauts in experiments.

In robotic science mission and exploration missions, NASA has been the ESA's main partner. ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' was a joint NASA-ESA mission, along with the [[Infrared Space Observatory]], [[INTEGRAL]], [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]], and others. Also, the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] is a joint project of NASA and the ESA. Future ESA-NASA joint projects include the [[James Webb Space Telescope]] and the proposed [[Laser Interferometer Space Antenna]].{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} NASA has supported the ESA's [[MarcoPolo-R]] mission which landed on asteroid Bennu in October 2020 and is scheduled to return a sample to Earth for further analysis in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA Contribution Study to ESA's MarcoPolo-R Mission |url=http://us-marcopolor.jhuapl.edu/science/ |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=us-marcopolor.jhuapl.edu |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625060949/http://us-marcopolor.jhuapl.edu/science/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> NASA and the ESA will also likely join for a [[Mars sample-return mission]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/European_Space_Policy_and_Programs_Handb/ZzSJzQEACAAJ?hl=en|title=European Space Policy and Programs Handbook |publisher=International Business Publications |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4330-1532-8 |page=32 }}</ref> In October 2020, the ESA entered into a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with NASA to work together on the [[Artemis program]], which will provide an orbiting [[Lunar Gateway]] and also accomplish the first crewed lunar landing in 50 years, whose team will include the [[first woman on the Moon]]. Astronaut selection announcements are expected within two years of the 2024 scheduled launch date.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bridenstine |first=Jim |date=27 October 2020 |title=NASA, ESA Sign MOU to Work Together on Artemis Lunar Program – Parabolic Arc |work=Parabolic Arc |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2020/10/27/nasa-esa-sign-mou-to-work-together-on-artemis-lunar-program/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415174858/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2020/10/27/nasa-esa-sign-mou-to-work-together-on-artemis-lunar-program/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ESA also purchases seats on the NASA operated [[Commercial Crew Program]]. The first ESA astronaut to be on a Commercial Crew Program mission is [[Thomas Pesquet]]. Pesquet launched into space aboard [[Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]] [[Crew Dragon Endeavour|Endeavour]] on the [[SpaceX Crew-2|Crew-2]] mission. The ESA also has seats on [[SpaceX Crew-3|Crew-3]] with [[Matthias Maurer]] and [[SpaceX Crew-4|Crew-4]] with [[Samantha Cristoforetti]].