Editing Economy of Turkmenistan (section)

==Labour==
{{See also|Demographics of Turkmenistan}}
In 2019, Turkmenistan counted 666,500 employees of large- and medium enterprises, and 103,900 employees of non-state (private, mixed public-private, or foreign) enterprises.  The structure of employment was 25.3% in the state sector, 50.3% in the private sector, 22.0% mixed public-private enterprises, 0.2% in public associations, 0.4% in cooperatives, and 1.8% in foreign-owned enterprises, including joint ventures.<ref name=stat2020f /> According to official statistics, in 2019 77,474 individuals were employed by individual entrepreneurs, including self employment.<ref name=stat2020g>{{cite book|title=Türkmenistanyň Ýyllyk Statistik Neşiri 2019 Ýyl|page=146|date=2020|place=Ashgabat|language=Turkmen, Russian, English|publisher=State Committee of Statistics of Turkmenistan}}</ref>

Major sectors for employment were:

43.5% in agriculture<br>
9.8% in manufacturing<br>
8.4% in education<br>
7.4% in trade and vehicle repair<br>
5.8% in construction<br>
4.3% in transport and storage<br>
3.6% in health and social work<br>
2.9% in arts, entertainment<br>

The average monthly wage in 2019 was 1,685.10 manats per month, up from 943.40 in 2012 and 507 in 2007.<ref name=stat2020f>{{cite book|title=Türkmenistanyň Ýyllyk Statistik Neşiri 2019 Ýyl|pages=219–301|date=2020|place=Ashgabat|language=Turkmen, Russian, English|publisher=State Committee of Statistics of Turkmenistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.tm/assets/social/makro_2007_2012_t.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330010850/http://www.stat.gov.tm/assets/social/makro_2007_2012_t.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2004 the labour force was estimated to include more than 2.3 million workers, 48.2 percent of whom worked in agriculture, 37.8 percent in services, and 14 percent in industry and construction.<ref name=":1" /> Because the state dominates the economy, an estimated 90 percent of workers are in reality effectively state employees.<ref name=":1" /> It is believed that downsizing the government workforce, which began in 2003, increased unemployment in subsequent years.<ref name=":1" /> Unemployment in 2014 was estimated at 11%.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=The World Factbook-TURKMENISTAN|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkmenistan/|website=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> In recent years, due to the economic downturn linked to falling hydrocarbon prices, unemployment is estimated to be as high as 60 percent, despite official figures of less than four percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/ru/news/2020/10/05/376451|title=Туркменистан: отрицание проблемы и бездействие властей усугубляют продовольственный кризис|date=5 October 2020|publisher=Human Rights Watch|language=Russian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://centralasia.news/2598-v-turkmenistane-v-2018-godu-otmechen-nizkiy-uroven-bezraboticy.html|title=В Туркменистане в 2018 году отмечен низкий уровень безработицы|date=23 January 2019|language=Russian|publisher=Central Asia News}}</ref>