Editing Economy of Pakistan (section)

==== Energy ====
[[File:Wind power plant between Karachi and Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|[[Wind turbine|Wind power plant]] between [[Karachi]] and [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]]]

The main sources of Pakistan's primary energy supplies are gas, oil, coal, [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG), and hydroelectricity, with shares of 29%, 24%, 15%, 10%, and 11% respectively in 2022. Since coal mining began in the Thar desert and LNG imports from Qatar, coal and imported LNG increased their shares manyfold in just five years in the primary energy supplies of the country. The share of gas has decreased from 50% in 2005 to 24% in 2022, and oil, since 2015, from 35% to 27% in 2022, being largely replaced by coal and LNG. As Pakistan intends to generate around 8,800 megawatts of nuclear power by 2030, its share is also increasing gradually.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Primary energy supplies by source<ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Nepra reports |url=https://nepra.org.pk/publications/State%20of%20Industry%20Reports.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224150614/https://nepra.org.pk/publications/State%20of%20Industry%20Reports.php |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=NEPRA}}</ref>
!Fiscal year
!Unit
!Gas
!Oil
!Coal
!Hydro
electricity
!LNG
!Nuclear
electricity
!LPG
!Renewable
electricity
!Imported
electricity
!Total
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|MTOE
|{{increase}} 27.95
|{{increase}} 16.33
|{{increase}} 4.23
|{{decrease}} 6.13
| –
|{{increase}} 0.67
|{{increase}} 0.25
| –
|{{increase}} 0.03
|{{increase}} 55.59
|-
|%Share
|{{increase}} 50.3
|{{decrease}} 29.4
|{{increase}} 7.6
|{{decrease}} 11.0
| –
|{{increase}} 1.2
|{{increase}} 0.5
| –
|{{increase}} 0.0
|100
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|MTOE
|{{increase}} 30.81
|{{increase}} 19.81
|{{increase}} 4.62
|{{increase}} 6.71
| –
|{{increase}} 0.69
|{{increase}} 0.40
| –
|{{increase}} 0.06
|{{increase}} 63.09
|-
|%Share
|{{decrease}} 48.8
|{{increase}} 31.4
|{{decrease}} 7.3
|{{decrease}} 10.6
| –
|{{decrease}} 1.1
|{{increase}} 0.6
| –
|{{increase}} 0.1
|100
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|MTOE
|{{decrease}} 29.98
|{{increase}} 24.97
|{{increase}} 4.95
|{{increase}} 7.75
|{{increase}} 0.47
|{{increase}} 1.38
|{{increase}} 0.46
|{{increase}} 0.19
|{{increase}} 0.11
|{{increase}} 70.26
|-
|%Share
|{{decrease}} 42.7
|{{increase}} 35.5
|{{decrease}} 7.0
|{{increase}} 11.0
|{{increase}} 0.7
|{{increase}} 2.0
|{{increase}} 0.7
|{{increase}} 0.3
|{{steady}} 0.1
|100
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|MTOE
|{{decrease}} 26.66
|{{decrease}} 18.19
|{{increase}} 14.71
|{{increase}} 8.02
|{{increase}} 8.32
|{{increase}} 2.58
|{{increase}} 1.03
|{{increase}} 0.99
|{{increase}} 0.12
|{{increase}} 80.62
|-
|%Share
|{{decrease}} 33.0
|{{decrease}} 26.7
|{{increase}} 18.2
|{{decrease}} 9.9
|{{increase}} 10.3
|{{increase}} 3.2
|{{increase}} 1.3
|{{increase}} 1.2
|{{increase}} 0.2
|100
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|MTOE
|{{decrease}} 23.88
|{{increase}} 20.11
|{{decrease}} 12.57
|{{increase}} 8.75
|{{decrease}} 8.05
|{{increase}} 6.20
|{{increase}} 1.56
|{{increase}} 1.39
|{{decrease}} 0.11
|82.62
|-
|%Share
|{{decrease}} 28.9
|{{decrease}} 24.3
|{{decrease}} 15.2
|{{increase}} 10.6
|{{decrease}} 9.7
|{{increase}} 7.5
|{{increase}} 1.9
|{{increase}} 1.7
|{{decrease}} 0.1
|100
|}
(CPPA-G) procures electricity from power producers, and the [[National Transmission & Despatch Company|National Transmission and Despatch Company]] (NTDC) transmits this electricity via its transmission lines to Distribution Companies<ref>[https://nepra.org.pk/licensing/Distribution%20XWDISCOs.php Distribution Companies]</ref> (DISCOs), which then distribute this electricity via their distribution lines to end consumers. Balancing Pakistan's supply of electricity against the demand has been a longstanding unresolved issue. Since 2018, there has been an improvement in the availability of electricity due to the substantial increase in generation capacity. However, the cost of electricity has risen due to various factors such as circular debt, capacity payments, fuel costs, currency devaluation, low recovery rates, and transmission and distribution losses. Pakistan faces a significant challenge in overhauling its electricity supply network.

{| class="wikitable"
|+[[NEPRA]] reports<ref name=":4" />
!Indicator
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
!2024
|-
|Installed capacity (MW)
|{{increase}} 25,421
|{{increase}} 28,712
|{{increase}} 35,979
|{{increase}} 38,995
|{{decrease}} 38,719
|{{increase}} 39,772
|{{increase}} 43,835
|{{increase}} 45,738
|{{increase}} 45,888
|-
|Electricity generation (GWh)
|{{increase}} 114,093
|{{increase}} 120,622
|{{increase}} 133,588
|{{increase}} 137,005
|{{decrease}} 134,242
|{{increase}} 143,589
|{{increase}} 154,056
|{{decrease}} 138,539
|{{decrease}} 137,196
|-
|Electricity consumption (GWh)
|{{increase}} 94,354
|{{increase}} 99,616
|{{increase}} 110,891
|{{increase}} 113,142
|{{decrease}} 112,071
|{{increase}} 121,206
|{{increase}} 133,665
|{{decrease}} 121,863
|{{decrease}} 118,246
|-
|Transmission losses (%)
|{{DecreasePositive}} 2.57
|{{DecreasePositive}} 2.31
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 2.43
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 2.83
|{{DecreasePositive}} 2.76
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 2.78
|{{DecreasePositive}} 2.62
|{{DecreasePositive}} 2.42
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 2.52
|-
|Distribution losses (%)
|{{DecreasePositive}} 18.14
|{{DecreasePositive}} 17.93
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 18.32
|{{DecreasePositive}} 17.61
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 17.82
|{{DecreasePositive}} 17.32
|{{DecreasePositive}} 16.85
|{{DecreasePositive}} 16.45
|{{IncreaseNegative}} 18.31
|-
! colspan="10" |(%) '''Share in electricity generation'''
|-
|Hydel
|{{decrease}} 30.29
|{{decrease}} 26.59
|{{decrease}} 21.01
|{{increase}} 24.16
|{{increase}} 28.83
|{{decrease}} 27.02
|{{decrease}} 23.07
|{{increase}} 26.17
|{{increase}} 29.08
|-
|Thermal 
|{{decrease}} 64.57
|{{increase}} 65.34
|{{increase}} 68.87
|{{decrease}} 65.25
|{{decrease}} 60.21
|{{increase}} 61.76
|{{decrease}} 60.54
|{{decrease}} 51.55
|{{decrease}} 49.01
|-
|Nuclear 
|{{decrease}} 3.70
|{{increase}} 5.20
|{{increase}} 6.78
|{{decrease}} 6.67
|{{increase}} 7.37
|{{increase}} 7.72
|{{increase}} 11.87
|{{increase}} 17.36
|{{decrease}} 16.88
|-
|Renewable energy 
|{{increase}} 1.04
|{{increase}} 2.45
|{{increase}} 2.92
|{{increase}} 3.57
|{{decrease}} 3.21
|{{decrease}} 3.15
|{{increase}} 4.18
|{{increase}} 4.56
|{{increase}} 4.75
|-
| colspan="3" |Import
|0.42
|{{decrease}} 0.36
|{{increase}} 0.38
|{{decrease}} 0.35
|{{decrease}} 0.33
|{{increase}} 0.35
|{{decrease}} 0.28
|}

The total demand for petroleum products remained at 23.1 million tonnes during FY2022. The transport and power sectors are major petroleum consumers, covering approximately 90 percent of the total demand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2022–2023 |url=https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_23/14_Energy.pdf |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=finance.gov.pk}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Sectoral consumption of petroleum products (FY 2022)
! colspan="2" |Sector
|Domestic
|Industry
|Agriculture
|Transport
|Power
|Government
|Overseas
!Total
|-
!Quantity
|(000) MT
|29.522
|1,332.899
|11.822
|17,409.035
|3,683.322
|373.489
|250.121
!23,090.210
|}

Pakistan is an importer of petroleum products and [[crude oil]]. Imports of petroleum products during FY2022 amounted to around 12.9 million tonnes, valued at more than US$ 11.1 billion. The major imported products are [[Gasoline|motor spirit/gasoline]], [[Diesel fuel|high-speed diesel]], and [[Fuel oil|furnace oil]], with import quantities of 6,502 thousand tonnes, 3,950 thousand tonnes, and 2,258 thousand tonnes, respectively.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Import of petroleum products (FY 2022)
! colspan="2" |Product
|[[Gasoline|MS]]
|[[Octane rating|HOBC]]
|[[Diesel fuel|HSD]]
|[[Fuel oil|FO]]
|[[Jet fuel|JP-1]]
!Total
|-
!Quantity
|(000) MT
|6,502.07
|125.62
|3,949.97
|2,258.20
|53.87
!12,889.730
|-
!Value
|Million US$
|6,070.38
|115.94
|3,462.71
|1,414.40
|47.42
!11,110.852
|}

The total production of refineries in Pakistan for fiscal year 2020–21 reached 10.66 million tons. Among these refineries, [[Pak-Arab Refinery|PARCO]] holds the largest share, accounting for 41%, followed by [[Attock Refinery Limited|ARL]], [[Cnergyico|BPPL]], [[National Refinery Limited|NRL]], and [[Pakistan Refinery Limited|PRL]] with shares of 17%, 16%, 14%, and 12% respectively. [[Oil & Gas Regulatory Authority|OGRA]], founded in March 2002, serves as the regulatory body with the primary goals of promoting competition and enhancing private investment and ownership within the petroleum sector by implementing effective and efficient regulations. [[Petroleum industry|Oil Marketing Companies]] (OMCs) have established their infrastructure, including storage facilities and retail outlets, to market Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricant (POL) products. [[Gasoline|Motor Spirit]] (MS) and [[Diesel fuel|High-Speed Diesel]] (HSD) together make up nearly 80% of OMCs' sales. By the conclusion of fiscal year 2021, OMCs had developed a storage capacity of 0.58 million tons for MS and 0.88 million tons for HSD, distributed across various depots throughout the country. Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) operate a total of 9,978 retail outlets nationwide. Among these, [[Pakistan State Oil]] (PSO) holds the highest number of retail outlets, boasting 3,158 outlets, which accounts for approximately 31.65 percent of the total.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=State of petroleum industry report 2020-21 |url=https://www.ogra.org.pk/ogra-annual-reports |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=ogra.org.pk}}</ref>

Indigenous natural gas supplies accounted for approximately 30 percent of Pakistan's total primary energy supply mix in FY2022. Pakistan maintains an extensive gas network comprising over 13,775 kilometers of transmission pipelines, 157,395 kilometers of main pipelines, and 41,352 kilometers of service pipelines. This network serves the needs of more than 10.7 million consumers throughout the country. During FY 2021–22, the natural gas supply in Pakistan reached 3,982 MMCFD. The country relies on several major gas fields, including [[Sui gas field|Sui]], Uch, [[Qadirpur gas field|Qadirpur]], [[Sawan gas field|Sawan]], Zamzama, Badin, Bhit, Kandhkot, [[Mari Petroleum|Mari]], and Manzalai, to meet its domestic demand. Additionally, Pakistan has been importing liquefied natural gas (LNG) since 2015, with regasified liquefied natural gas (RLNG) playing a significant role in alleviating natural gas shortages. In the year 2021–22, approximately 24 percent of the country's gas supplies were sourced from imported RLNG. 

In FY 2020–21, the primary consumer of natural gas was the power sector, which accounted for more than 30 percent of the total consumption, equivalent to 1,208 MMCFD. Following the power sector, the domestic sector consumed 21 percent, or 850 MMCFD, while the fertilizer sector consumed 20 percent, totaling 834 MMCFD.<ref name=":11" />