Editing Dushanbe (section)

== Culture ==
Culture in Dushanbe, first developed during the period of Bukharan rule, grew under the Soviet Union, which established many of the first cultural institutions of the city. After independence, Dushanbe's culture went in a more nationalist direction.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65068362|title=Dushanbe : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡|publisher=Glavnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ Tadzhikskoĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii|others=Dinorshoev, Muso.|year=2004|isbn=5-89870-071-4|location=Dushanbe|oclc=65068362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028115236/http://dushanbe.tj/img/ENS.doc|archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref>

=== Performing arts ===
[[File:Народная мелодия в исполнении Насибы Омонбоевой и Камолиддина Хамдамова.jpg|thumb|Shashmaqam in the Dushanbe Concert Hall]]
During the 19th century, [[shashmaqam]] was the most prevalent musical genre in Tajikistan. While Soviet authorities labeled it as "music composed for the Emir" and repressed it, in modern times it has gained greater popularity.<ref name="iias-2020" />

During the [[Tajik SSR|Soviet period]], the [[Soviet Union]] encouraged the development of music in Dushanbe, a less culturally crowded place then typical [[List of cities in Russia by population|Russian megacities]]. Revolutionary songs, like the [[La Marseillaise|Marseillaise]], were promoted and translated into Tajik.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004l">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65068362|title=Dushanbe : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡|date=2004|publisher=Glavnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ Tadzhikskoĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii|others=Dinorshoev, Muso.|isbn=5-89870-071-4|location=Dushanbe|chapter=Cinema|oclc=65068362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028115236/http://dushanbe.tj/img/ENS.doc|archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref> The Tajik Philharmonic Society was founded in 1938; today, it is named after Akasharif Juraev.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Festive event dedicated to the Day of Tajik Militia (video)|url=https://mvd.tj/index.php/en/information/news-archive/26056-tantani-idona-bakhshida-ba-r-zi-militsiya-3|access-date=2020-08-16|website=mvd.tj|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408232300/https://mvd.tj/index.php/en/information/news-archive/26056-tantani-idona-bakhshida-ba-r-zi-militsiya-3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abazov, Rafis|title=Tajikistan|date=2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Benchmark|isbn=0-7614-2012-6|page=109|oclc=859079567}}</ref> [[Sergei Artemevich Balasanyan]], an [[Armenian SSR|Armenian]], was one composer who originally went to Dushanbe from 1936–1943 to prepare the SSR for an upcoming Tajik cultural festival to be held in Moscow. While we was there, he described himself as a "composer, social-musical worker, [[folklorist]], and [[Pedagogy|pedagogue]]." He also became the head of the Tajik Composer's Union and the artistic lead of the opera house.<ref name="iias-2020">{{Cite web|title=Opera as the highest stage of Socialism {{!}} IIAS|url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/opera-highest-stage-socialism|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.iias.asia}}</ref> Large numbers of Russian and Ukrainian symphonies moved to Dushanbe during World War 2.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004j">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65068362|title=Dushanbe : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡|date=2004|publisher=Glavnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ Tadzhikskoĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii|others=Dinorshoev, Muso.|isbn=5-89870-071-4|location=Dushanbe|chapter=Theater|oclc=65068362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028115236/http://dushanbe.tj/img/ENS.doc|archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref>

The [[:ru:Таджикский театр оперы и балета|Tajik Opera and Ballet Theater]], whose building was named after [[Sadriddin Ayni]] and was the first opera house in Dushanbe, was founded in 1936.<ref name="music-dic-2020">{{Cite web|title=Таджикский Театр Оперы И Балета в музыкальной энциклопедии|url=http://www.music-dic.ru/html-music-enc/t/7385.html|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.music-dic.ru|archive-date=2 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002040448/http://www.music-dic.ru/html-music-enc/t/7385.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="OperaBalet-2020">{{Cite web|title=История театра|url=http://operabalet.tj/%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%80%d0%b0/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Театр Оперы И Балета|language=ru|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814010414/http://operabalet.tj/%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first opera performed, the first in history of Tajikistan, was The Vose Uprising and detailed a [[Peasants' Revolt|peasants' revolt]] in eastern [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara]] in the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-11|title=istoriya-teatra|url=http://operabalet.tj/istoriya-teatra.html|access-date=2020-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211031356/http://operabalet.tj/istoriya-teatra.html|archive-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> One notable singer of the opera was [[Hanifa Mavlianova]].<ref name="Кино-Театр-2020">{{Cite web|title=Таджикский театр оперы и балета им. С.Айни|url=https://www.kino-teatr.ru/teatr/post/770/foto/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Кино-Театр.РУ}}</ref>

Another musician to come to Dushanbe during the Soviet period was [[Aleksandr Lensky]], a [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldovan]] who came to Tajikistan in 1937. He was the artistic director of the Lahuti Theatre, director of the [[Tajik Philharmonic]], and first secretary of the Tajik Union of Composers. He also composed the first Tajik opera and many orchestral pieces.<ref name="iias-2020" /> Another orchestra in Dushanbe is the [[Opera Orchestra of Dushanbe|Opera Orchestra]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-20|title=Tajikistan honors Iranian conductor Arash Amini|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/394002/Tajikistan-honors-Iranian-conductor-Arash-Amini|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Tehran Times}}</ref> The State Symphony Orchestra of Tajikistan was founded in 2016, and its first concert took place on 9 September 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State Symphony orchestra will be created in Tajikistan {{!}} Tajikistan News ASIA-Plus|url=https://www.asiaplustj.info/en/news/tajikistan/society/20160825/state-symphony-orchestra-will-be-created-tajikistan|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.asiaplustj.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The first performance of the State Symphony orchestra of Tajikistan will be held on the 9th of September {{!}} Tajikistan News ASIA-Plus|url=https://asiaplustj.info/en/news/tajikistan/society/20160901/230340|access-date=2020-08-16|website=asiaplustj.info}}</ref> The Tajik Opera and Ballet Theater continues operating to this day and has won the [[Order of Lenin]].<ref name="music-dic-2020" /> At various times the opera house performed operas on modern, historical, national, revolutionary, and heroic themes.<ref name="OperaBalet-2020" />

The Tajik Opera and Ballet Theater also had the first ballet performed in Dushanbe in 1941, entitled Two Roses, and the ballet troupe gradually grew over time.<ref name="Кино-Театр-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayni Academic Opera and Ballet Theater|url=http://www.dushanbehotels.ru/eng/dushanbe/ayni-opera-ballet-theatre.htm|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.dushanbehotels.ru|archive-date=21 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621130611/http://www.dushanbehotels.ru/eng/dushanbe/ayni-opera-ballet-theatre.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The troupe was improved with graduates from the [[Leningrad Choreographic School]] with ballet dancers such as [[Malika Sobirova|Malika Sabirova]].<ref name="Кино-Театр-2020" /> The theater was refitted in 2009 and continues operating to this day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayni Opera & Ballet Theatre {{!}} Dushanbe, Tajikistan Entertainment|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/tajikistan/dushanbe/entertainment/ayni-opera-ballet-theatre/a/poi-ent/443290/357580|access-date=2020-08-16|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref>[[File:Ayni Opera Theatre, Dushanbe, Tajikistan.jpg|thumb|Ayni Opera theater]]
The 1920s saw the birth of drama in the city. The first, Lahouti theater, was built in 1929. In the 1930s, Soviet themes like class struggle, fighting against the past, and gender equality were prominent in plays. In 1935, the Tajik Musical Theater, now the Ayni theater, was built.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004j" /><ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004i" /> A comedy troupe was created in 1944 and after the war young artists influenced plays in Dushanbe, influencing the creation of the Tajik State Youth Theater.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004j" />

Continuing with a nationalist tradition, Tajik classics were made into plays. During World War 2, plays were focused on the war and historical themes from the 1950s onward. In the 70s and 80s foreign plays, like [[Oedipus Rex]], were introduced to Dushanbe. After independence, plays focused primarily on the devastating civil war.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004i" /><ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004j" /> Today, some theaters are the Tajik Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, the State Russian Drama Theater, the youth theater, the State Experimental Theater, and the republican puppet theater.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004j" />

The [[Mayakovsky Theatre (Dushanbe)|Mayakovsky Theatre]] was Tajikistan's oldest theatre and last surviving Russian-language theatre company; it was demolished in 2016 as part of the government's wholesale destruction of numerous 20th-century buildings of historical and architectural interest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actors Mourn as Tajikistan's Oldest Theater Is Torn Down {{!}} Eurasianet|url=https://eurasianet.org/actors-mourn-tajikistans-oldest-theater-torn-down|access-date=2021-02-26|website=eurasianet.org}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
[[File:Mirsaid-mirshakar.jpg|thumb|left|Mirsaid Mirshakar]]

The first printing press in Tajikistan was created in August 1924, the Tajik State Publishing House, the Donish Publishing House was founded in 1944.<ref name="Mulloev-2009" /> In 1925 4 books were printed, which grew to 13 in 1926. In 1930, Sadriddin Ayni wrote the first Tajik novel, Dokhunda.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seay|first=Nicholas|date=2020-12-15|title=Soviet-Tajik Writing Intelligentsia in the Late 1930s|journal=RUDN Journal of Russian History|volume=19|issue=1|pages=119–135|doi=10.22363/2312-8674-2020-19-1-119-135|issn=2312-8690|doi-access=free}}</ref> Publishing houses established in 1934 and the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan publishing house dramatically increased book production in the city.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004g">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65068362|title=Dushanbe : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡|publisher=Glavnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ Tadzhikskoĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii|others=Dinorshoev, Muso.|year=2004|isbn=5-89870-071-4|location=Dushanbe|chapter=Print, Radio, and Television|oclc=65068362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028115236/http://dushanbe.tj/img/ENS.doc|archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref> The Maorif Publishing House was created in 1975.<ref name="Mulloev-2009" /> In 2004, there were 30 publishing companies in the city.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004g" />

Dushanbe became the center of Tajik literature in the 1920s with figures such as [[Sadriddin Ayni]], [[Abolqasem Lahouti]], and [[Payrav Sulaymoni]] along with new Soviet literature calling for revolution and social equality and Tajik nationalist literature. Children's books and translated works also had their beginnings in this period. In the 1930s, young Russian writers influenced the literature of the city, part of the "Komsomol generation." The themes often touched on the rapid development of Dushanbe during the 30s.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004i">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65068362|title=Dushanbe : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡|date=2004|publisher=Glavnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ Tadzhikskoĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii|others=Dinorshoev, Muso.|isbn=5-89870-071-4|location=Dushanbe|chapter=Literary Life|oclc=65068362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028115236/http://dushanbe.tj/img/ENS.doc|archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref>

During World War 2, literature shifted towards patriotic and militaristic themes of protecting the motherland in shorter formats than novels. Messages from the frontlines and satires became popular. Russian literature also became known, partially due to the movement of factories and people from the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|frontlines of the war]] to the east. After the war, prose works and poetry, with poets like [[Mirzo Tursunzoda]], became more popular along with the continuation of genres from previous decades. Literary criticism developed along with analysis of individual writers.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004i" />

From the 1950s, the historical revolutionary genre developed, prompting authors to use history for inspiration. In the 60s the new genre of science fiction began in the city with writers like [[Mirsaid Mirshakar]]. In the 70s and 80s the themes of disorder gained more prominence, not coincidentally soon before the Soviet Union's collapse. In poetry, civic and philosophical lyrical themes were most popular.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004i" /> After independence, previously forbidden subjects like religion started to appear in literature, along with reflections on the civil war and a more international scene has developed in the city.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004i" />
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=== Visual arts ===

Sculpture was first introduced to Dushanbe in the 1920s and throughout the Soviet period was focused on combining modern culture and a classical heritage. Modern sculpture mainly has historical subjects like [[Ferdowsi|Firdavsi]], [[Khosrow I|Shah Anushirvan]], or [[Ismail Samani]], often to commemorate Tajik nationhood and ethnicity by looking to past Achaemenid and Samanid figures.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004k">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65068362|title=Dushanbe : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡|date=2004|publisher=Glavnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ Tadzhikskoĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii|others=Dinorshoev, Muso.|isbn=5-89870-071-4|location=Dushanbe|chapter=Fine and Decorative Applied Arts|oclc=65068362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028115236/http://dushanbe.tj/img/ENS.doc|archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Hughes-2017" /><gallery mode="nolines" widths="170" heights="170" class="center" caption="Statues in Dushanbe">
File:Монументальный ансамбль.JPG|Statue of [[Rudaki]]
File:Умари Хайём (4).jpg|Statue of [[Omar Khayyam]]

File:Dushanbe Lenin.jpg|Statue of [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]
File:Монумент Авицене.JPG|Statue of [[Avicenna]]
</gallery>Painting in Dushanbe took off when Russian painters moved to this city in the 20s and 30s. By the 50s, Tajik artists started to paint. In the 1960s, the severe style <small>[<nowiki/>[[:ru:Суровый стиль|ru]]]</small> grew and in the 70s and 80s a focus on [[History of Tajikistan|Tajik heritage]] and [[nationalism]] was predominant. In the late 80s, however, painting shifted from a focus on historical figures to emotional depth and personality. During the civil war, a theme of conflict in painting developed.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004k" /> Sabzali Sharipov's black and white series, for example, was devoted to the civil war.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ulugova|first=Lola|date=January 2020|title=Tajik Artists Lead Social Change: The Role of Art in Questioning Tajik Traditional Values|url=https://centralasiaprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/CAP-Paper-227-Lola-Ulugova.pdf}}</ref>

=== Film ===
{{See also|Cinema of Tajikistan}}
[[File:Кинотеатри Ватан.jpg|thumb|Movie theater]]
Cinema in Dushanbe started in the 1930s with the creation of film studios and cinemas by the Soviet government, although the first cinema was created in 1927 where residents watched Nibelung by [[Fritz Lang|Frits Lang]]. [[Kamil Yarmatov|Komil Yarmatov]] was the first prominent Tajik film director. Documentaries were also popular in this period, and the first feature film appeared in 1938. In World War 2, [[feature film]] production in Dushanbe was suspended due to lack of supplies. After the war, more feature films were developed, with many movies attempting to create a portrait of the city. In the 1980s a new generation of filmmakers brought new values such a pluralism into the theater, which led to some films focusing on the truth of Soviet history. During the civil war, the landscape changed dramatically. [[Tajikfilm]], which formerly had a monopoly on filmmaking, had to shut down, while independent filmmakers chronicled the horrors of the civil war.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004l" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=M.|first=Davidzon|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/11399951|title=Dushanbe, a guide|date=1983|publisher=Raduga|page=30|oclc=11399951}}</ref>

=== Sports ===

Gymnastics, equestrian sports and athletics were practiced in 1923 at the Dushanbe sports club and in 1929 tennis was introduced. The All-Tajik [[Spartakiad]] was first held in 1934, and in 1939 [[Dynamo Dushanbe]] won the quarterfinals of the [[Soviet Cup|Cup of the USSR]]. In 1950 the country's soccer team took first place in the [[Central Asian Games]].<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004m" />

In 2003, Dushanbe hosted the [[2003 Central Asian Games|Central Asian Games]]. The most popular sports in Dushanbe are [[Sambo (martial art)|sambo]], [[wrestling]], [[judo]], [[karate]], [[taekwondo]], [[artistic gymnastics]], [[Weightlifting (sport)|weightlifting]], [[archery]], [[Shooting sports|shooting]], [[boxing]], [[Soccer|football]], [[basketball]], [[Diving (sport)|diving]], [[tennis]], [[chess]], [[Buzkashi]], and [[checkers]].<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004m">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65068362|title=Dushanbe : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡|date=2004|publisher=Glavnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ Tadzhikskoĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii|others=Dinorshoev, Muso.|isbn=5-89870-071-4|location=Dushanbe|chapter=Physical Culture and Sports|oclc=65068362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028115236/http://dushanbe.tj/img/ENS.doc|archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref> Four soccer teams of the [[Tajikistan Higher League]] play in Dushanbe: [[CSKA Pamir Dushanbe|CSKA Pamir]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=ЦСКА "Памир" расстался с главным тренером Рахматулло Фузайловым – Федерация Футбола Таджикистана|url=http://fft.tj/tsska-pamir-rasstalsya-s-glavnym-trenerom-rahmatullo-fuzajlovym/|access-date=2020-09-27|language=ru}}</ref> [[FC Dushanbe-83|Dushanbe-83]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-26|title=Matchday ends, Tajikistan league shuts down|url=https://www.besoccer.com/new/matchday-ends-tajikistan-league-shuts-down-826996|access-date=2021-03-05|website=BeSoccer}}</ref> [[FC Istiklol|Istiklol]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-17|title=О нас|url=http://www.fc-istiklol.tj/2010-11-22-09-33-52.html|access-date=2020-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217150827/http://www.fc-istiklol.tj/2010-11-22-09-33-52.html|archive-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> and [[FC Lokomotiv-Pamir|Lokomotiv-Pamir]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Заявка ЦСКА (Душанбе) для участия в сезоне-2.. {{!}} Федерация футбола Таджикистана {{!}} VK|url=https://m.vk.com/wall-125505143_20571|access-date=2020-09-27|website=m.vk.com}}</ref> The [[Pamir Stadium]] in Dushanbe was constructed in 1939 where [[CSKA Pamir Dushanbe]] played.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-25|title=Официальный сайт ФК Истиклол|url=http://fc-istiklol.tj/index.php?view=2&inner=3|access-date=2020-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425120154/http://fc-istiklol.tj/index.php?view=2&inner=3|archive-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> [[Dushanbe Stadium]] is currently being constructed and will seat 30,000 when completed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=turkmenportal|title=В Душанбе возводят современный 30-тысячный стадион {{!}} Спорт|url=https://turkmenportal.com/blog/24771/v-dushanbe-vozvodyat-sovremennyi-30tysyachnyi-stadion|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Туркменистан, интернет портал о культурной, деловой и развлекательной жизни в Туркменистане|language=ru}}</ref>