Editing Dissociative identity disorder (section)

==Society and culture==
===Legal issues===
People with dissociative identity disorder may be involved in legal cases as a witness, defendant, or as the victim/injured party. Claims of DID have been used only rarely to argue [[Insanity defense|criminal insanity]] in court.<ref name="Farrell" /><ref name="Farrell2011">{{cite journal |last=Farrell |first=H.M. |year=2011 |title=Dissociative identity disorder: No excuse for criminal activity |url=http://www.currentpsychiatry.org/pdf/1006/1006CP_Article3.pdf |journal=Current Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=33–40 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69gTpoEKq?url=http://www.currentpsychiatry.org/pdf/1006/1006CP_Article3.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-05}}</ref> In the United States, dissociative identity disorder has previously been found to meet the [[Frye standard|Frye test]] as a generally accepted medical condition, and the newer [[Daubert standard]].<ref name="FrankelCrime">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frankel AS, Dalenberg C |year=2006 |title=The forensic evaluation of dissociation and persons diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder: Searching for convergence |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=169–84, x |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.002 |pmid=16530592}}</ref><ref name="Crego2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crego, ME |date=2000 |title=Notes and Comments, One Crime, Many Convicted: Dissociative Identity Disorder and the Exclusion of Expert Testimony in State v. Greene |url=https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4305&context=wlr |journal=Washington Law Review |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=911–939}}</ref> Within legal circles, DID has been described as one of the most disputed psychiatric diagnoses and [[forensic psychology|forensic assessments]] are needed.<ref name="Rein2008" /> For defendants whose defense states they have a diagnosis of DID, courts must distinguish between those who genuinely have DID and those who are [[malingering]] to avoid responsibility.<ref name="FrankelCrime" /><ref name="Rein2008" /> Expert witnesses are typically used to assess defendants in such cases,<ref name="Farrell" /> although some of the standard assessments like the [[Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory|MMPI-2]] were not developed for people with a trauma history and the validity scales may incorrectly suggest malingering.<ref name="BrownDetect">{{Cite book |title=Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond |vauthors=Brown LS |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-95785-4 |editor1-last=Dell |editor-first1=Paul F. |pages=585–595 |chapter=True Drama or True Trauma? Forensic Assessment and the Challenge of Detecting Malingering |editor2-last=O'Neil |editor-first2=John A.}}</ref> In DID, evidence about the altered states of consciousness, actions of alter identities and episodes of amnesia may be excluded from a court if they are not considered relevant, although different countries and regions have different laws.<ref name="Farrell" /> A diagnosis of DID may be used to claim a defense of [[not guilty by reason of insanity]], but this very rarely succeeds, or of diminished capacity, which may reduce the length of a sentence.<ref name="Farrell2011" /><ref name="Crego2020" /> DID may also affect competency to stand trial.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Levy |first1=Amichay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_MD9rUafYsC&pg=PA129 |title=Psychiatry and Law |last2=Nachshon |first2=David |last3=Carmi |first3=Amnon |date=2002 |publisher=Yozmot Heiliger |isbn=978-965-7077-19-1 |pages=129}}</ref> A not guilty by reason of insanity plea was first used successfully in an American court in 1978, in the ''[[Billy Milligan|State of Ohio v. Milligan]]'' case.<ref name="Farrell2011" /> However, a DID diagnosis is not automatically considered a justification for an insanity verdict, and since Milligan the few cases claiming insanity have largely been unsuccessful.<ref name="Farrell2011" />

[[Bennett Braun|Bennett G. Braun]] was an American psychiatrist known for his promotion of the concept of multiple personality disorder (now called "dissociative identity disorder") and involvement in promoting the "[[Satanic Panic]]", a [[moral panic]] around a discredited [[conspiracy theory]] that led to thousands of people being wrongfully medically treated or investigated for nonexistent crimes.<ref name="Risen-2024">{{Cite news |last=Risen |first=Clay |date=12 April 2024 |title=Bennett Braun, Psychiatrist Who Fueled 'Satanic Panic,' Dies at 83 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/12/us/bennett-braun-dead.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Hanson-1998">{{Cite web |last=Hanson |first=Cynthia |date=June 1, 1998 |title=Dangerous Therapy: The Story of Patricia Burgus and Multiple Personality Disorder |url=https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-1998/Dangerous-Therapy-The-Story-of-Patricia-Burgus-and-Multiple-Personality-Disorder/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Chicago Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
===In popular culture===
The public's long fascination with DID has led to a number of different books and films,<ref name="Guidelines2011" />{{rp|style=ama|p= 169}} with many representations described as increasing stigma by perpetuating the myth that people with mental illness are usually dangerous.<ref name="Cinema">{{Cite book |last=Shally-Jensen |first=Michael |year=2013 |title=Mental Health Care Issues in America: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-013-3 |pages=421 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOKhOXCxR8cC&pg=PA421}}</ref> Movies about DID have been also criticized for poor representation of both DID and its treatment, including "greatly overrepresenting" the role of hypnosis in therapy,<ref name="Gabbard">{{cite book |last1=Gabbard |first1=Glen O. |last2=Gabbard |first2=Krin |date=1999 |title=Psychiatry and the Cinema |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-0-88048-964-5 |pages=28–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D42m3IIrEDoC}}</ref> showing a significantly smaller number of personalities than many people with DID have,<ref name="DoalMedia" /><ref name="Gabbard" /><ref name="seattleobituary" /> and misrepresenting people with DID as having theatrical and blatant switches between very conspicuous and different alters.<ref name="Hunterbook">{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=Noël |date=2018-06-20 |df=dmy-all |title=Trauma and Madness in Mental Health Services |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-91752-8 |pages=98–102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyVhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99}}</ref> Some movies are parodies and ridicule DID, for instance, ''[[Me, Myself & Irene]]'', which also incorrectly states that DID is [[schizophrenia]].<ref name="ButlerDidIt">{{cite journal |last1=Byrne |first1=P. |date=2001-06-01 |df=dmy-all |title=The butler(s) DID it – dissociative identity disorder in cinema |journal=Medical Humanities |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=26–29 |doi=10.1136/mh.27.1.26 |doi-access=free |pmid=23670548}}</ref> In some stories, DID is used as a plot device, e.g. in ''[[Fight Club]]'', and in [[whodunnit]] stories like ''[[Secret Window]]''.<ref name="WeddingMovies" /><ref name="ButlerDidIt" />

''[[United States of Tara]]'' was reported to be the first US television series with DID as its focus, and a professional commentary on each episode was published by the [[International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation]].<ref name="isstd-Tara">{{cite web |date=2012-02-27 |title=United States of Tara and Dissociative Disorders |website=isst-d.org |url=http://www.isst-d.org/education/united_states_of_tara-ISSTD-information.htm |access-date=2020-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227100312/http://www.isst-d.org/education/united_states_of_tara-ISSTD-information.htm |archive-date=2012-02-27}}</ref><ref name="Halter2017">{{cite book |last=Wheeler | first=Kathleen | year=2017 |editor1-last=Halter |editor1-first=M.J. | title=Varcarolis' Foundations of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing – E-Book: A Clinical Approach | publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences | isbn=978-0-323-41731-0 | pages=333–334 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paosDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT333 |access-date=2020-07-10}}</ref>

A number of people with DID have publicly spoken about their experiences, including comedian and talk show host [[Roseanne Barr]], who interviewed [[Truddi Chase]], author of ''When Rabbit Howls''; [[Chris Costner Sizemore]], the subject of ''[[The Three Faces of Eve]]'', Cameron West, author of [[First Person Plural|''First Person Plural: My life as a multiple'']], and [[National Football League|NFL]] player [[Herschel Walker]], author of ''Breaking Free: My life with dissociative identity disorder''.<ref name="DoalMedia">{{cite journal |last1=Doak |first1=Robert |title=Who am I this time? Multiple personality disorder and popular culture |journal=Studies in Popular Culture |date=1999 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=63–73 |jstor=23414578 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link = Herschel Walker |last1 = Walker |first1 = H. |last2= Brozek |first2= G. |last3= Maxfield |first3= C. |year = 2008 |title = Breaking Free: My life with dissociative identity disorder |publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn = 978-1-4165-3748-9 |pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=6b25K1jpw6UC&pg=PA9 9]}}</ref>

In ''The Three Faces of Eve'' (1957) hypnosis is used to identify a childhood trauma which then allows her to fuse from three identities into just one.<ref name="Gabbard" /> However, Sizemore's own books ''I'm Eve'' and ''A Mind of My Own'' revealed that this did not last; she later attempted suicide, sought further treatment, and actually had twenty-two personalities rather than three.<ref name="Gabbard" /><ref name="seattleobituary">{{cite news |title=Chris Costner Sizemore, the real patient behind ''The Three Faces of Eve'', dies at 89 |date=2016-08-05 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]] |type=obituary |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/chris-costner-sizemore-the-real-patient-behind-the-three-faces-of-eve-dies-at-89/ |access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref> Sizemore re-entered therapy and by 1974 had achieved a lasting recovery.<ref name="Gabbard" /> ''[[Voices Within: The Lives of Truddi Chase]]'' portrays many of the 92 personalities Chase described in her book ''When Rabbit Howls'', and is unusual in breaking away from the typical ending of integrating into one.<ref name="Hunterbook" /><ref name="ButlerDidIt" /> ''[[Frankie & Alice]]'' (2010), starring [[Halle Berry]] was based on a real person with DID.<ref name="WeddingMovies">{{Cite book |last1=Wedding |first1=Danny |last2=Niemiec |first2=Ryan M. |date=2014-05-01 |df=dmy-all |title=Movies and Mental Illness: Using Films to Understand Psychopathology |publisher=Hogrefe Publishing |isbn=978-1-61334-461-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Evz6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT248}}</ref> In popular culture dissociative identity disorder is often confused with [[schizophrenia]],<ref name="EncyclopediaTrauma">{{cite book |last1=Reyes |first1=Gilbert |last2=Elhai |first2=Jon D. |last3=Ford |first3=Julian D. |date=2008-12-03 |df=dmy-all |title=The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-44748-2 |pages=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3rSIn_qTkAC}}</ref> as was true of the 1958 episode "The Case of the Deadly Double" of the ''[[Perry Mason (1957 TV series)|Perry Mason]]'' TV series, where a woman shown as having two very distinct personas is described as being schizophrenic <ref>[https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/video/657960407/ "S1 E24: The Case of the Deadly Double"] [[Paramount +]]</ref> On the other hand, some movies advertised as representing dissociative identity disorder may be more representative of [[psychosis]] or [[schizophrenia]], for example [[Psycho (1960 film)|''Psycho'']] (1960).<ref name="Cinema" /><ref name="WeddingMovies" /> 

In his book ''The C.I.A. Doctors: Human Rights Violations by American Psychiatrists'', psychiatrist [[Colin A. Ross]] states that based on documents obtained through [[freedom of information legislation]], a psychiatrist linked to [[Project MKULTRA]] reported being able to deliberately induce dissociative identity disorder using a variety of highly aversive and abusive techniques, creating a [[The Manchurian Candidate|Manchurian Candidate]] for military purposes.<ref name="Vogt2019">{{cite book |last=Vogt |first=Ralf |date=2019 |title=The Traumatised Memory – Protection and Resistance: How traumatic stress encrypts itself in the body, behaviour, and soul and how to detect it |publisher=Lehmanns Media |isbn=978-3-96543-006-8 |pages=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tiGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17}}</ref><ref name="Ross2006">{{cite book |last=Ross |first=Colin A. |date=2006 |title=The C.I.A. Doctors: Human Rights Violations by American Psychiatrists |publisher=Greenleaf Book Group |isbn=978-0-9821851-9-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g19YFuKqKeUC}}</ref>

In the [[USA Network]] television production ''[[Mr. Robot]]'', the protagonist [[Elliot Alderson]] was created using anecdotal experiences of DID of the show's creator's friends. [[Sam Esmail]] said he consulted with a psychologist who "concretized" the character's mental health conditions, especially his plurality.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Giles, Matt |date=2015-09-03 |title=''Mr. Robot'' creator explains what's really going on in Elliot's mind |magazine=[[Popular Science]] |language=en-US |url=https://www.popsci.com/mr-robot-creator-explains-whats-really-going-on-in-elliots-mind/ |access-date=2022-04-24}}</ref>

In [[M. Night Shyamalan]]'s [[Unbreakable (film series)|''Unbreakable'']] superhero film series (specifically, the films [[Split (2016 American film)|''Split'']] and [[Glass (2019 film)|''Glass'']]), [[Kevin Wendell Crumb]] is diagnosed with DID, and that some of the personalities have super-human powers. Experts and advocates say the films are a negative portrayal of DID and the films promote the stigmatization of the disorder.<ref>{{cite news | title=What Shyamalan's 'Split' gets wrong about dissociative identity disorder | date=23 January 2017 | website=[[CNN]] | url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/23/health/shyamalan-split-movie-dissociative-identity-disorder/index.html}}</ref>

In the 1997 Japanese role-playing game ''[[Final Fantasy VII]]'', the protagonist [[Cloud Strife]] is shown to have an identity disorder involving [[False memory|false memories]] as a result of [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD). Sharon Packer has identified Cloud as having DID.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MD |first=Sharon Packer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKDPDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 |title=Mental Illness in Popular Culture |date=2017-05-24 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-4389-1 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Marvel Comics]], the character of [[Moon Knight]] is shown to have DID. In the TV series ''[[Moon Knight (miniseries)|Moon Knight]]'' based on the comic book character, protagonist [[Marc Spector (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Marc Spector]] is depicted with DID; the website for the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]] appears in the series' end credits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moon Knight episode&nbsp;4 includes post-credits disclaimer about mental health awareness |date=22 April 2022 |website=comicbook.com |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/moon-knight-episode-4-post-credits-mental-health-awareness/}}</ref>

===Online subculture===
{{Main|Multiplicity (subculture)}}

A DID community exists on [[social media]], including [[YouTube]], [[Reddit]], [[Discord]], and [[TikTok]]. In those contexts, the experience of dissociative identities has been called ''multiplicity.''<ref name="Lucas-2021">{{cite news |last1=Lucas |first1=Jessica |date=6 July 2021 |title=Inside ''TikTok''{{'}}s booming dissociative identity disorder community |work=Input |url=https://www.inputmag.com/culture/dissociative-identity-disorder-did-tiktok-influencers-multiple-personalities |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429013048/https://www.inputmag.com/culture/dissociative-identity-disorder-did-tiktok-influencers-multiple-personalities |archive-date=29 April 2022}}</ref> High-profile members of this community have been criticized for faking their condition for views, or for portraying the disorder lightheartedly.<ref name="Lucas-2021" /> Psychologist Naomi Torres-Mackie, head of research at The Mental Health Coalition, has stated "All of a sudden, all of my adolescent patients think that they have this, and they don't ... Folks start attaching clinical meaning and feeling like, 'I should be diagnosed with this. I need medication for this', when actually a lot of these experiences are normative and don't need to be pathologized or treated."<ref name="Teen-Vogue-2022">{{cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=Teens are using ''TikTok'' to diagnose themselves with dissociative identity disorder |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/dissociative-identity-disorder-on-tiktok |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Teen Vogue}}</ref>

===Advocacy===

Some advocates consider DID to be a form of [[neurodiversity]], leading to advocacy in recognizing 'positive plurality' and the use of plural pronouns such as "we" and "our".<ref name="DoalMedia" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Plural Association |url=https://thepluralassociation.org/ |access-date=2020-05-05 |website=The Plural Association |language=en-US}}</ref> Advocates also challenge the necessity of integration.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tori|first=Telfer|date=11 May 2015|title=Are Multiple Personalities Always a Disorder?|work=Vice|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-multiple-personalities-are-not-a-disorder-400/|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Cheryl|first=Lavin|date=30 August 1987|title=Truddi Chase|work=The Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-08-30-8703050949-story.html|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> Timothy Baynes argues that forcing people to undergo it as a therapeutic treatment is "seriously immoral".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bayne|first1=Timothy J.|date=1 February 2002|title=Moral Status and the Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder|journal=The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy|volume=27|issue=1|pages=87–105|doi=10.1076/jmep.27.1.87.2973|pmid=11961688}}</ref>

A DID Awareness Day takes place on March 5 annually, participants displaying a multicolored awareness ribbon, based on the idea of a "''crazy quilt''."<ref name="McHugh2019">{{Cite web|last=McMaugh|first=Kate|date=2019-03-08|title=Dissociative Identities Awareness Day – ISSTD News|url=https://news.isst-d.org/dissociative-identities-awareness-day/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=isst-d.org|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Broady|first=Kathy|date=2018-03-06|title=Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Awareness Day - March 5|url=https://www.discussingdissociation.com/2018/03/dissociative-identity-disorder-awareness-day-march-5/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Discussing Dissociation|language=en-US}}</ref>