Editing Deng Xiaoping (section)

== Legacy ==
[[File:Deng Xiaoping statue in Shenzhen.JPG|thumb|Statue of Deng Xiaoping in [[Shenzhen]]]]Deng's view that "development is the absolute principle" continues to shape the Chinese approach to governance.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book |last=Meng |first=Wenting |title=Developmental Piece: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9783838219073 |series=Ibidem |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=49}} At the Fourth Plenary Session of the [[13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|13th Central Committee]], Jiang Zemin and the [[Generations of Chinese leadership|third generation]] of leaders stated, "Development is the Party's top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country."<ref name=":052" />{{Rp|page=49}} Likewise, Deng's emphasis on development as the absolute principle also shaped Hu Jintao's [[Scientific Outlook on Development]] and [[Xi Jinping]]'s [[Chinese Dream]], which emphasizes development as China's core task.<ref name=":052" />{{Rp|page=49}}

===Memorials===

Memorials to Deng have been low profile compared to other leaders, in keeping with Deng's image of pragmatism. Rather than being embalmed, as was Mao, he was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea. There are some public displays, however. A bronze statue was erected on 14 November 2000, at the grand plaza of [[Lianhuashan Park|Lianhua Mountain Park]] in [[Shenzhen]]. This statue is dedicated to Deng's role as a planner and contributor to the development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. The statue is {{Convert|6|m|ft|0}} high, with an additional 3.68-meter base, and shows Deng striding forward confidently. Many CCP high level leaders visit the statue. In addition, in coastal areas and on the island province of [[Hainan]], Deng appeared on roadside billboards with messages emphasizing economic reform or his policy of [[one country, two systems]].

A bronze statue to commemorate Deng's 100th birthday was dedicated 13 August 2004 in the city of [[Guang'an]], Deng's hometown, in southwest China's [[Sichuan]]. Deng is dressed casually, sitting on a chair and smiling. The Chinese characters on the pedestal were written by Jiang Zemin, then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China Daily article "Deng Xiaoping statue unveiled" |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-08/14/content_365434.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503063737/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-08/14/content_365434.htm |archive-date=3 May 2009 |access-date=13 March 2010 |website=China Daily}}</ref>

[[Deng Xiaoping's Former Residence]] in his hometown of Paifang Village in [[Sichuan]] has been preserved as an historical museum.

In [[Bishkek]], capital of [[Kyrgyzstan]], there is a six-lane boulevard, {{Convert|25|m|ft|0}} wide and {{Convert|3.5|km|mi|0}} long, the Deng Xiaoping Prospekt, which was dedicated on 18 June 1997. A two-meter high red granite monument stands at the east end of this route. The epigraph is written in Chinese, Russian and [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkistan-Newsletter Volume: 97-1:13, 20&nbsp;June 1997 |url=http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/TN97113.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004062636/http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/TN97113.htm |archive-date=4 October 2007 |access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Its Own Neighborhood, China Emerges as a Leader |last1=Pomfret |first1=John |agency=Washington Post |date=18 October 2001 |url=http://taiwansecurity.org/WP/2001/WP-101801-1.htm |url-status=dead |website=Taiwan Security Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020126221126/http://taiwansecurity.org/WP/2001/WP-101801-1.htm |archive-date=26 January 2002 |access-date=18 August 2013}}</ref>

The documentary, ''Deng Xiaoping'', released by [[CCTV (China)|CCTV]] in January 1997, presents his life from his days as a student in France to his "Southern Tour" of 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=zh:文献纪录片《邓小平》 |language=zh-hans |agency=CCTV |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2008-02/28/content_7686329.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=23 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815050311/http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2008-02/28/content_7686329.htm |archive-date=15 August 2015 |ref=123}}</ref> In 2014, CCTV released a [[TV series (China)|TV series]],  ''[[Deng Xiaoping at History's Crossroads]]'', in anticipation of the 110th anniversary of his birth.

=== Assessment ===
Deng has been called the "architect of contemporary China"<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2018 |title=Forty years after Deng opened China, reformists are cowed |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2018/12/08/forty-years-after-deng-opened-china-reformists-are-cowed |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727200903/https://www.economist.com/china/2018/12/08/forty-years-after-deng-opened-china-reformists-are-cowed |archive-date=27 July 2019 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Huang |first=Dan Kopf, Echo |date=21 August 2018 |title=Happy birthday Deng Xiaoping: Here are 10 charts showing how he changed China |url=https://qz.com/1365629/happy-birthday-deng-xiaoping-these-charts-show-how-he-changed-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727200902/https://qz.com/1365629/happy-birthday-deng-xiaoping-these-charts-show-how-he-changed-china/ |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Quartz}}</ref> and is widely considered to have been one of the most influential figures of the 20th century.<ref name="Legacy-JapanTimes">{{Cite news |date=27 August 2014 |title=Deng Xiaoping's lasting legacy |work=[[The Japan Times]] |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/08/27/editorials/deng-xiaopings-lasting-legacy/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607215305/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2014/08/27/editorials/deng-xiaopings-lasting-legacy/ |archive-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> He was the [[Time Person of the Year|''Time'' Person of the Year]] in 1978 and 1985, the third Chinese leader (after [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and his wife [[Soong Mei-ling]]) and the fourth time for a communist leader (after [[Joseph Stalin]], picked twice; and [[Nikita Khrushchev]]) to be selected.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Jennifer |title=A Complete Look at Time's Person of the Year List, from 1927–2017 |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/times-man-of-the-year-list-1779824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727204832/https://www.thoughtco.com/times-man-of-the-year-list-1779824 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=ThoughtCo}}</ref>

Deng is remembered primarily for the economic reforms he initiated while [[paramount leader]] of the People's Republic of China, which pivoted China towards a [[market economy]], led to high economic growth, increased [[standards of living]] of hundreds of millions,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert Dernberger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDS0GW7FH_0C&pg=PA179 |title=China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping |publisher=Sharpe |year=1993 |isbn=9781563242786 |access-date=13 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014443/https://books.google.com/books?id=mDS0GW7FH_0C&pg=PA179 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> expanded personal and cultural freedoms, and substantially integrated the country into the world economy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=John |date=January 2012 |title=Review: Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China |url=https://origins.osu.edu/review/man-who-re-invented-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725131635/https://origins.osu.edu/review/man-who-re-invented-china |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Origins |publisher=The Ohio State University}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |last=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=1 November 2019 |title=Deng Xiaoping |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Deng-Xiaoping#ref343482 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004231718/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Deng-Xiaoping#ref343482 |archive-date=4 October 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kopf |first1=Dan |last2=Lahiri |first2=Tripti |date=17 December 2018 |title=The charts that show how Deng Xiaoping unleashed China's pent-up capitalist energy in 1978 |publisher=Quartz |url=https://qz.com/1498654/the-astonishing-impact-of-chinas-1978-reforms-in-charts/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930055340/https://qz.com/1498654/the-astonishing-impact-of-chinas-1978-reforms-in-charts/ |archive-date=30 September 2019}}</ref> More people were lifted out of poverty during his leadership than during any other time in human history, attributed largely to his reforms.<ref name="Legacy-JapanTimes" /> For this reason, some have suggested that Deng should have been awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2010 |title=Deng should have been first Chinese to get Nobel Peace Prize: Exco chief |publisher=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/730315/deng-should-have-been-first-chinese-get-nobel-peace-prize-exco-chief |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101154103/https://www.scmp.com/article/730315/deng-should-have-been-first-chinese-get-nobel-peace-prize-exco-chief |archive-date=1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rein |first=Shaun |date=14 December 2010 |title=How To Fix Western-Chinese Relations |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/12/14/nobel-peace-prize-china-deng-gandhi-leadership-managing-rein.html#4e243ab562f3 |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109204050/http://www.forbes.com/2010/12/14/nobel-peace-prize-china-deng-gandhi-leadership-managing-rein.html#4e243ab562f3 |archive-date=9 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Byrnes |first=Sholto |date=12 October 2010 |title=Ignoble reactions to the Nobel Peace Prize |publisher=New Statesmen |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2010/10/nobel-peace-china-singapore |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608024808/http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2010/10/nobel-peace-china-singapore |archive-date=8 June 2013}}</ref> Deng is also credited with reducing the cult of [[Mao Zedong]] and with bringing an end to the chaotic era of the [[Cultural Revolution]].<ref name="Economist-Great-Stabiliser">{{Cite news |date=22 October 2011 |title=Deng Xiaoping's legacy: The Great Stabiliser |publisher=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2011/10/22/the-great-stabiliser |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506090043/https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2011/10/22/the-great-stabiliser |archive-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> Furthermore, his strong-handed tactics have been credited with keeping the People's Republic of China unified, in contrast to the other major [[Communist]] power of the time, the [[Soviet Union]], which collapsed in 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 1997 |title=The Legacy of Deng Xiaoping |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/20/opinion/the-legacy-of-deng-xiaoping.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012113225/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/20/opinion/the-legacy-of-deng-xiaoping.html |archive-date=12 October 2017}}</ref>

However, Deng is also remembered for human rights violations and for numerous instances of political violence.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="NYT-Wizard">{{Cite news |last=Tyler |first=Patrick E. |date=20 February 1997 |title=Deng Xiaoping: A Political Wizard Who Put China on the Capitalist Road |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-a-political-wizard-who-put-china-on-the-capitalist-road.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802164135/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-a-political-wizard-who-put-china-on-the-capitalist-road.html |archive-date=2 August 2019}}</ref> As paramount leader, he oversaw the [[Tiananmen Square massacre]]; afterwards, he was influential in the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party's]] domestic cover-up of the event.<ref name="Dillon2014">{{Cite book |last=Michael Dillon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBGMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=Deng Xiaoping: The Man who Made Modern China |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-85772-467-0 |pages=292–296 |access-date=22 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014443/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBGMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2019 |title=Tiananmen Square Fast Facts |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/asia/tiananmen-square-fast-facts/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919001916/https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/asia/tiananmen-square-fast-facts/index.html |archive-date=19 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A Massacre Erased |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/opinions/global-opinions/tiananmen-square-a-massacre-erased/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107014411/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/opinions/global-opinions/tiananmen-square-a-massacre-erased/ |archive-date=7 November 2019}}</ref> Furthermore, he is associated with some of the worst purges during [[Mao Zedong]]'s rule; for instance, he ordered an [[Shadian incident|army crackdown on a Muslim village]] in Yunnan which resulted in the deaths of 1,600 people, including 300 children.<ref name="Economist-Great-Stabiliser" />

As paramount leader, Deng also negotiated an end to the British colonial rule of Hong Kong and normalized relations with the United States and the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="NYT-Wizard" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wasserstrom |first1=Jeffrey N. |title=China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know |last2=Cunningham |first2=Maura Elizabeth |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0190659073 |edition=3 |page=80}}</ref> In August 1980, he started [[History of the People's Republic of China#Political reforms|China's political reforms]] by setting [[term limit]]s for officials and proposing a systematic revision of [[1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China|China's third Constitution]] which was made during the Cultural Revolution; the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|new Constitution]] embodied Chinese-style [[constitutionalism]] and was passed by the [[National People's Congress]] in December 1982, with most of its content still being effective as of today.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jianfu |first=Chen |date=1 May 2004 |title=The Revision of the Constitution in the PRC. A great leap forward or a symbolic gesture? |journal=China Perspectives |language=fr |volume=2004 |issue=53 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2922 |issn=2070-3449 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jone |first=William |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of China |url=https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2203&context=law_lawreview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428201429/https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2203&context=law_lawreview |archive-date=28 April 2019 |website=Washington University in St. Louis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caldwell |first=Ernest |date=December 2012 |title=Horizontal Rights and Chinese Constitutionalism: Judicialization through Labor Disputes |url=https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3935&context=cklawreview |url-status=live |journal=Chicago-Kent Law Review |volume=88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014421/https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3935&context=cklawreview |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shigong |first=Jiang |date=2014 |title=Chinese-Style Constitutionalism: On Backer's Chinese Party-State Constitutionalism |journal=Modern China |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=133–167 |doi=10.1177/0097700413511313 |issn=0097-7004 |jstor=24575589 |s2cid=144236160}}</ref> He helped establish China's [[Compulsory education#China|nine-year compulsory education]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=PEPPER |first=SUZANNE |title=China's Education Reform in the 1980s: Policies, Issues, and Historical Perspectives |url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ieas/CRM_36.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055657/https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ieas/CRM_36.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2019 |website=UC Berkeley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Song |first=Wei |title=China's education reforms and strive for innovation |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/24/WS5b7fb080a310add14f387a5b.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055658/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/24/WS5b7fb080a310add14f387a5b.html |archive-date=28 November 2019 |access-date=28 November 2019 |website=Chinadaily}}</ref> and revived China's political reforms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ng-Quinn |first=Michael |date=1982 |title=Deng Xiaoping's Political Reform and Political Order |journal=Asian Survey |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1187–1205 |doi=10.2307/2644047 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2644047}}</ref>