Editing Child labour (section)

===Cocoa production===
{{main|Children in cocoa production|Harkin–Engel Protocol}}
In 1998, [[UNICEF]] reported that [[Ivory Coast]] farmers used enslaved children – many from surrounding countries.<ref name="Raghavan1">{{cite news |author1=Sudarsan Raghavan |author2=Sumana Chatterjee |title=Slaves feed world's taste for chocolate: Captives common in cocoa farms of Africa |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |date=24 June 2001 |url=http://www2.jsonline.com/news/nat/jun01/slave24r062301.asp |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060917014323/http://vision.ucsd.edu/~kbranson/stopchocolateslavery/atasteofslavery.html| archive-date=17 September 2006}}</ref> In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]] – the main ingredient in [[chocolate]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2012/04/12/3475859.htm |title=Cocoa shortage to push up chocolate price |last=Bentley |first=Prue |publisher=ABC Ballarat |date=12 April 2012 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120822151126/https://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2012/04/12/3475859.htm |archive-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> – in [[West Africa]].<ref name="combating">{{cite web |title=Combating Child Labour in Cocoa Growing |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]] |year=2005 |url=http://www.ilo.org/public//english//standards/ipec/themes/cocoa/download/2005_02_cl_cocoa.pdf |access-date= 26 April 2012 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050525122715/http://www.ilo.org/public//english//standards/ipec/themes/cocoa/download/2005_02_cl_cocoa.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2WeACR-WIYC&q=bbc+documentary+children+chocolate+2000&pg=PA98 |page= 98 |title= Naked Chocolate: The Astonishing Truth about the World's Greatest Food |author1= David Wolfe |author2= Shazzie |publisher= North Atlantic Books |year= 2005 |isbn=978-1556437311 |access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref> Other media followed by reporting widespread [[child slavery]] and [[Trafficking of children|child trafficking]] in the production of cocoa.<ref name="Raghavan1" /><ref name="chocolate slavery">{{cite news |last=Hawksley |first=Humphrey |author-link=Humphrey Hawksley |title=Mali's children in chocolate slavery |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1272522.stm |date=12 April 2001}}</ref><ref name="accuses companies">{{cite news |last=Hawksley |first=Humphrey |title=Ivory Coast accuses chocolate companies |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1311982.stm |date=4 May 2001}}</ref> In 2001, the [[US State Department]] estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa, cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast,<ref name="commondreams.org">{{cite news|last=Chatterjee |first=Sumana |title=Chocolate Firms Launch Fight Against 'Slave Free' Labels |newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |date=1 August 2001|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/0801-03.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308050847/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/0801-03.htm |archive-date=8 March 2012 }}</ref> and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child [[slave]]ry is used in the cocoa harvest.<ref name="commondreams.org"/>{{failed verification|date=July 2012}}{{better source needed|date=July 2012}}

[[Mali]]an migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast, but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees.<ref name="Blunt"/> The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away.<ref name="Blunt">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/946952.stm |title= The bitter taste of slavery |date= 28 September 2000 |last= Blunt |first= Liz |publisher = BBC |access-date = 15 December 2011}}</ref> Malian officials believed that 15,000 children, some as young as 11 years old, were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001. These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries.<ref name="chocolate slavery"/> Parents were told the children would find work and send money home, but once the children left home, they often worked in conditions resembling slavery.<ref name="combating"/> In other cases, children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chanthavong |first=Samlanchith |title=Chocolate and Slavery: Child Labour in Cote d'Ivoire |work=TED Case Studies Number 664 |publisher=[[American University]] |year=2002|url=http://www.american.edu/TED/chocolate-slave.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210170034/http://www1.american.edu/ted/chocolate-slave.htm |archive-date=10 February 2012 }}</ref> In 2002, the Ivory Coast had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby, which suggested they were trafficked,<ref name="combating"/> likely from neighboring Mali, [[Burkina Faso]] and [[Togo]].<ref name="Blue Chevigny">{{cite web |url= http://www.unicef.org/protection/cotedivoire_39995.html |title= Child trafficking in Côte d'Ivoire: Efforts under way to reverse a tragic trend |last= Chevigny |first= Blue |date= 14 June 2007 |access-date= 1 May 2012 |archive-date= 9 May 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120509232506/http://www.unicef.org/protection/cotedivoire_39995.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking.<ref name="Payson2010 p26">{{cite web|url=https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/research_file_attachment/Final%20Fourth%20Annual%20Report.pdf |title=Fourth Annual Report: Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labour in the Cocoa Sector of Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana |publisher=Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer, Tulane University |pages=26–27 |date=30 September 2010}}</ref> The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as "false and excessive"<ref name="Payson2010 p26"/> and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas.<ref name="BBC2000">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/948876.stm |title= Cocoa farm slavery 'exaggerated' |work= BBC News |date= 29 September 2000}}</ref> Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children's rights were sometimes violated<ref name="Payson2010 p26"/> and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored. In a BBC interview, the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate.<ref name="BBC2000"/>

In 2001, a voluntary agreement called the [[Harkin–Engel Protocol]], was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, as defined by [[Convention 182|ILO's Convention 182]], in West Africa.<ref name="HE Protocol">{{cite web|url=http://www.cocoainitiative.org/images/stories/pdf/harkin%20engel%20protocol.pdf |title=Protocol for the growing and processing of cocoa beans and their derivative products in a manner that complies with ILO Convention 182 concerning the prohibition and immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour |publisher=International Cocoa Initiative |year=2001|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724105142/http://www.cocoainitiative.org/images/stories/pdf/harkin%20engel%20protocol.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2008 }}</ref> This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002. The foundation claims it has, as of 2011, active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2011 |publisher=International Cocoa Initiative |year=2012 |url=http://www.cocoainitiative.org/en/reports/ici-reports-and-newsletters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625114606/http://www.cocoainitiative.org/en/reports/ici-reports-and-newsletters |archive-date=25 June 2012 }}</ref> Other organisations claim progress has been made, but the protocol's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/19/the-human-cost-of-chocolate/ |title= The Human Cost of Chocolate |last= Escobedo |first= Tricia |publisher= CNN |date= 19 September 2011 |access-date= 1 May 2012 |archive-date= 22 March 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120322072304/http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/19/the-human-cost-of-chocolate/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="Monsy">{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/Displayarticle09.asp?section=diversions&xfile=data/diversions/2012/February/diversions_February12.xml |title=The bitter truth |author=Karen Ann Monsy |newspaper=Khaleej Times |date=24 February 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415005849/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle09.asp?xfile=data%2Fdiversions%2F2012%2FFebruary%2Fdiversions_February12.xml&section=diversions |archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Payson2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/research_file_attachment/Final%20Fourth%20Annual%20Report.pdf |title=Fourth Annual Report: Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labour in the Cocoa Sector of Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana |publisher=Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer, Tulane University |pages=7–12 |date=30 September 2010}}</ref>