Editing Cervical cancer (section)

==History==
* 400 BCE: [[Hippocrates]] noted that cervical cancer was incurable.<!--{{Cn}}-->
* 1925: [[Hans Hinselmann|Hinselmann]] invented the [[colposcope]].<!--{{Cn}}-->
* 1928: [[Georgios Papanikolaou|Papanicolaou]] developed the Papanicolaou technique.<!--{{Cn}}-->
* 1941: Papanicolaou and Traut: [[Pap test]] screening began.<!--{{Cn}}-->
* 1946: [[Aylesbury spatula]] was developed to scrape the cervix, collecting the sample for the Pap test.<!--{{Cn}}-->
* 1951: First successful in-vitro cell line, [[HeLa]], derived from biopsy of cervical cancer of [[Henrietta Lacks]].<!--{{Cn}}-->
* 1976: [[Harald zur Hausen]] and Gisam found HPV DNA in cervical cancer and genital warts; Hausen later won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] for his work.<ref name=zur2002>{{cite journal |vauthors=zur Hausen H |title=Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application |journal=Nature Reviews. Cancer |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=342–350 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12044010 |doi=10.1038/nrc798 |s2cid=4991177|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 1988: [[Bethesda System]] for reporting Pap results was developed.<!--{{Cn}}-->
* 2006: First [[HPV vaccine]] was approved by the FDA.<!--{{Cn}}-->
* 2015: HPV vaccine shown to protect against infection at multiple body sites.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Beachler DC, Kreimer AR, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Wacholder S, Rodriguez AC, Lowy DR, Porras C, Schiller JT, Quint W, Jimenez S, Safaeian M, Struijk L, Schussler J, Hildesheim A, Gonzalez P |display-authors=6 |title=Multisite HPV16/18 Vaccine Efficacy Against Cervical, Anal, and Oral HPV Infection |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=djv302 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26467666 |pmc=4862406 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djv302}}</ref>
* 2018: Evidence for single-dose protection with HPV vaccine.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Kreimer AR, Herrero R, Sampson JN, Porras C, Lowy DR, Schiller JT, Schiffman M, Rodriguez AC, Chanock S, Jimenez S, Schussler J, Gail MH, Safaeian M, Kemp TJ, Cortes B, Pinto LA, Hildesheim A, Gonzalez P |display-authors=6 |title=Evidence for single-dose protection by the bivalent HPV vaccine-Review of the Costa Rica HPV vaccine trial and future research studies |journal=Vaccine |volume=36 |issue=32 Pt A |pages=4774–4782 |date=August 2018 |pmid=29366703 |pmc=6054558 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.078 }}</ref>

[[Epidemiology|Epidemiologists]] working in the early 20th century noted that cervical cancer behaved like a sexually transmitted disease. In summary:
<!--three of the following statements are unsourced, but it is not necessary to tag everything-->
# Cervical cancer was noted to be common in female [[sex worker]]s.
# It was rare in [[nun]]s, except for those who had been sexually active before entering the convent (Rigoni in 1841).
# It was more common in the second wives of men whose first wives had died from cervical cancer.
# It was rare in Jewish women.<ref name=pmid12674663>{{cite journal |vauthors=Menczer J |title=The low incidence of cervical cancer in Jewish women: has the puzzle finally been solved? |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=120–123 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12674663 |url=http://www.ima.org.il/IMAJ/ViewArticle.aspx?year=2003&month=02&page=120 |access-date=28 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208145603/http://www.ima.org.il/IMAJ/ViewArticle.aspx?year=2003&month=02&page=120 |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref>
# In 1935, Syverton and Berry discovered a relationship between RPV (Rabbit Papillomavirus) and skin cancer in [[rabbit]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Syverton |first1=J. T. |last2=Berry |first2= G. P. |title=Carcinoma in the Cottontail Rabbit Following Spontaneous Virus Papilloma (Shope) |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=1935 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=399–400 |doi=10.3181/00379727-33-8386P|s2cid=88311393 }}</ref> (HPV is species-specific and therefore cannot be transmitted to rabbits).<ref>{{cite book |title=Human Papillomaviruses |date=2007 |location=Lyon, France|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321758/ |chapter=Studies of Animal Papillomaviruses |volume=90 |last=IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans |series=IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans}}</ref>

These historical observations suggested that cervical cancer could be caused by a sexually transmitted agent. Initial research in the 1940s and 1950s attributed cervical cancer to [[smegma]].<ref name=Heins1958>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heins HC, Dennis EJ, Pratthomas HR | title = The possible role of smegma in carcinoma of the cervix | journal = American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 76 | issue = 4 | pages = 726–33; discussion 733–5 | date = October 1958 | pmid = 13583012 | doi = 10.1016/0002-9378(58)90004-8 }}</ref> During the 1960s and 1970s it was suspected that infection with [[herpes simplex virus]] (HSV) was the cause of the disease. In summary, HSV was seen as a likely cause because it is known to survive in the female reproductive tract, and to be transmitted sexually in a way compatible with known risk factors, such as promiscuity and low socioeconomic status.<ref name=pmid4352386>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alexander ER | title = Possible etiologies of cancer of the cervix other than herpesvirus | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 1485–1490 | date = June 1973 | pmid = 4352386 }}</ref> Herpes viruses were also implicated in other malignant diseases, including [[Burkitt's lymphoma]], [[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], [[Marek's disease]] and the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma. HSV was recovered from cervical tumour cells.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

A description of [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV) by [[electron microscopy]] was given in 1949, and HPV-DNA was identified in 1963.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IS84In6aguYC&pg=PA6|title=Human Papillomavirus: A Practical Guide for Urologists| vauthors = Rosenblatt A, de Campos Guidi HG |date=6 August 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-70974-9}}</ref> It was not until the 1980s that HPV was identified in cervical cancer tissue.<ref name=pmid6304740>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dürst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, zur Hausen H | title = A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 80 | issue = 12 | pages = 3812–3815 | date = June 1983 | pmid = 6304740 | pmc = 394142 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.80.12.3812 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 1983PNAS...80.3812D }}.</ref>  It has since been demonstrated that HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancers.<ref name=pmid16670757>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lowy DR, Schiller JT | title = Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 116 | issue = 5 | pages = 1167–1173 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16670757 | pmc = 1451224 | doi = 10.1172/JCI28607 }}</ref> Specific viral subtypes implicated are HPV 16, 18, 31, 45 and others.<!--{{cn}}-->

In work that was initiated in the mid-1980s, the HPV vaccine was developed, in parallel, by researchers at [[Georgetown University]] Medical Center, the [[University of Rochester]], the [[University of Queensland]] in Australia, and the U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McNeil C |title=Who invented the VLP cervical cancer vaccines? |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=98 |issue=7 |page=433 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16595773 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djj144 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2006, the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved the first preventive HPV vaccine, marketed by [[Merck & Co.]] under the trade name Gardasil.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

17 November is the Cervical Cancer Elimination Day of Action.<ref name=EliminationDayofAction/> The date marks the day in 2020 when WHO launched the Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem, with a resolution passed by 194 countries.<ref name=EliminationDayofAction/> In November 2020, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), under backing from the [[World Health Assembly]], set out a strategy to eliminate cervical cancer by 2050. The strategy involves vaccinating 90% of girls by the age of 15, screening 70% of women by the age of 35 and again by the age of 45, and treating 90% of women identified with cervical disease.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=WHO rolls out plan to rid world of cervical cancer, saving millions of lives |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/11/1077752 |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=UN News}}</ref> To eliminate cervical cancer, all countries must reach and maintain an incidence rate of below 4 per 100 000 women.<ref name=WHO17November2023/><ref name=WHO17November2020/>