Editing Camera (section)

=== Digital camera ===

{{Main|Digital camera}}
[[File:Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg|thumb|right|295x295px|Disassembled digital camera]]
{{see|Digital image|Digital imaging|Digital photography|Digital single-lens reflex camera|Digital video}}

A digital camera (or digicam) is a camera that encodes [[digital image]]s and videos and stores them for later reproduction.<ref>Farlex Inc: [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/digital+camera definition of digital camera at the Free Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209090615/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/digital+camera |date=9 December 2014 }}; retrieved 7 September 2013</ref> They typically use semiconductor image sensors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=J. B. |title=The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-49088-5 |pages=245–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4QlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110042937/https://books.google.com/books?id=v4QlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Most cameras sold today are digital,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/11/AR2006011102323.html |title=Nikon Says It's Leaving Film-Camera Business |access-date=23 February 2007 |date=12 January 2006 |newspaper=Washington Post |first=Mike |last=Musgrove |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013030825/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/11/AR2006011102323.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and they are incorporated into many devices ranging from mobile phones (called [[camera phone]]s) to vehicles.

Digital and film cameras share an optical system, typically using a lens of variable aperture to focus light onto an image pickup device.<ref>MakeUseOf: [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/technology-explained-how-does-a-digital-camera-work/ How does a Digital Camera Work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204021814/http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/technology-explained-how-does-a-digital-camera-work/ |date=4 December 2017 }}; retrieved 7 September 2013</ref> The aperture and shutter admit the correct amount of light to the imager, just as with film but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical. However, unlike film cameras, digital cameras can display images on a screen immediately after being captured or recorded, and store and delete images from [[Flash memory|memory]]. Most digital cameras can also record moving videos with [[Sound recording and reproduction|sound]]. Some digital cameras can [[Cropping (image)|crop]] and [[Image stitching|stitch]] pictures & perform other elementary [[image editing]].

Consumers adopted digital cameras in the 1990s. Professional video cameras transitioned to digital around the 2000s–2010s. Finally, movie cameras transitioned to digital in the 2010s.

The first camera using digital electronics to capture and store images was developed by Kodak engineer [[Steven Sasson]] in 1975. He used a charge-coupled device (CCD) provided by [[Fairchild Semiconductor]], which provided only 0.01 megapixels to capture images. Sasson combined the CCD device with movie camera parts to create a digital camera that saved black and white images onto a [[Compact cassette|cassette tape]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gustavson |first1=Todd |title=500 Cameras: 170 Years of Photographic Innovation |publisher=Sterling Publishing, Inc |date=1 November 2011 |location=Toronto, Ontario |isbn=978-1-4027-8086-8}}</ref>{{Rp|442}}The images were then read from the cassette and viewed on a TV monitor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Susan |title=National Geographic complete photography |date=20 September 2011 |publisher=National Geographic Society |isbn=978-1-4351-3968-8 |editor=Hitchcock |editor-first=Susan Tyler |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>{{Rp|225}} Later, cassette tapes were replaced by flash memory.

In 1986, Japanese company [[Nikon]] introduced an analog-recording electronic single-lens reflex camera, the Nikon SVC.<ref>[http://apphotnum.free.fr/N2BE2.html Nikon SLR-type digital cameras] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809172701/http://apphotnum.free.fr/N2BE2.html |date=9 August 2011 }}, Pierre Jarleton</ref>
[[File:Sony A1 - front view - by Henry Söderlund Freigestellt.png|thumb|right|[[Sony Alpha 1]], a [[135 film|full-frame]] [[mirrorless camera|mirrorless]] digital camera]]
The first [[full-frame digital SLR]] cameras were developed in Japan from around 2000 to 2002: the MZ-D by Pentax,<ref>[https://www.dpreview.com/opinion/4721880615/the-long-difficult-road-to-pentax-full-frame The long, difficult road to Pentax full-frame The long, difficult road to Pentax full-frame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704073828/https://www.dpreview.com/opinion/4721880615/the-long-difficult-road-to-pentax-full-frame |date=4 July 2017 }}, [[Digital Photography Review]]</ref> the [[Contax N Digital|N Digital]] by [[Contax]]'s Japanese R6D team,<ref>''[[British Journal of Photography]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=uk9WAAAAMAAJ Issues 7410-7422], 2003, p. 2</ref> and the [[Canon EOS-1Ds|EOS-1Ds]] by [[Canon Inc.|Canon]].<ref>[https://www.dpreview.com/articles/7466980622/canoneos1ds Canon EOS-1Ds, 11 megapixel full-frame CMOS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126075558/https://www.dpreview.com/articles/7466980622/canoneos1ds |date=26 January 2021 }}, [[Digital Photography Review]]</ref> Gradually in the 2000s, the full-frame DSLR became the dominant camera type for professional photography.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

On most digital cameras a display, often a [[liquid crystal display]] (LCD), permits the user to view the scene to be recorded and settings such as [[Film speed|ISO speed]], exposure, and shutter speed.<ref name="Upton" />{{Rp|6–7}}<ref>{{cite book |title=National Geographic photography field guide |last1=Burian |first1=Peter |last2=Caputo |first2=Robert |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7922-5676-2 |edition=2 |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>{{Rp|12}}

==== Camera phone ====
[[File:Phone photography.jpg|thumb|Smartphone with built-in camera]]
{{Main|Camera phone}}
{{See|Front-facing camera|Selfie}}

In 2000, [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] introduced the world's first digital camera phone, the [[J-SH04]] [[J-Phone]], in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh04-to |title=Evolution of the Camera phone: From Sharp J-SH04 to Nokia 808 Pureview |date=28 February 2012 |publisher=Hoista.net |access-date=21 June 2013 |archive-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731053246/http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh04-to |url-status=live }}</ref> By the mid-2000s, higher-end [[cell phones]] had an integrated digital camera, and by the beginning of the 2010s, almost all [[smartphone]]s had an integrated digital cameras.