Editing Bias (section)

====Academic bias====
{{Main|Academic bias}}
Academic bias is the bias or perceived bias of [[academia|scholars]] allowing their [[belief]]s to shape their [[research]] and the [[scientific community]]. Claims of bias are often linked to claims by conservatives of pervasive bias against political conservatives and religious Christians.<ref>{{citation|last=Hibbing|first=John D|year=2014|title=Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology|journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences|volume=37|issue=3|pages=297–350|issn=1939-1323|doi=10.1017/S0140525X13001192|pmid=24970428|hdl=1911/77132|s2cid=54466287|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=poliscifacpub|hdl-access=free|access-date=2019-09-02|archive-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221122248/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=poliscifacpub|url-status=live}}</ref> Some have argued that these claims are based upon [[anecdotal evidence]] which would not reliably indicate systematic bias,<ref name="Ames 2005">{{citation|last1=Ames|first1=Barry|first2=David C|last2=Barker|first3=Chris W|last3=Bonneau|first4=Christopher J|last4=Carman|year=2005|title=Hide the Republicans, the Christians, and the Women: A Response to "Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty"|journal=The Forum|volume=3|issue=2|issn=1540-8884|doi=10.2202/1540-8884.1075|s2cid=14322810}}</ref><ref name="Lee 2006">{{citation|last=Lee |first=John |date=November 2006 |title=The "Faculty Bias" Studies: Science or Propaganda |publisher=American Federation of Teachers |url=http://www.aft.org/pdfs/highered/facultybiasstudies1106.pdf |access-date=2014-01-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217043411/http://www.aft.org/pdfs/highered/facultybiasstudies1106.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Giroux|first=Henry A.|year=2006|title=Academic Freedom Under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy|journal=College Literature|volume=33|issue=4|pages=1–42|issn=1542-4286|doi=10.1353/lit.2006.0051|s2cid=143909432 }}</ref> and have suggested that this divide is due to [[self-selection]] of conservatives choosing not to pursue academic careers.<ref name="Ames 2005"/><ref name=Gross2>{{citation|last=Gross|first=Neil|title=Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-VLm9EcghoC|date=9 April 2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-674-07448-4|access-date=2014-01-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627000945/http://books.google.com/books?id=5-VLm9EcghoC|archive-date=27 June 2014}}</ref>
There is some evidence that perception of classroom bias may be rooted in issues of [[Homophobia|sexuality]], [[Racism|race]], [[Class discrimination|class]] and [[Sexism|sex]] as much or more than in [[Religious discrimination|religion]].<ref>{{citation|last1=Boysen|first1=Guy A|first2=David L|last2=Vogel|first3=Marissa A|last3=Cope|first4=Asale|last4=Hubbard|s2cid=11334709|year=2009|title=Incidents Of Bias in College Classrooms: Instructor and Student Perceptions|journal=Journal of Diversity in Higher Education|volume=2|issue=4|pages=219–231|issn=1938-8934|doi=10.1037/a0017538}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brady | first1 = K. L. | last2 = Eisler | first2 = R. M. | year = 1995 | title = Gender Bias in the College Classroom: A Critical Review of the Literature and Implications for Future Research | journal = Journal of Research and Development in Education | volume = 29 | issue = 1| pages = 9–19 }}</ref>