Editing Atom (section)

== References ==
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{{reflist|30em|refs=

<!-- unused <ref name=adp322_8_549>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=Albert|year=1905|title=Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen|journal=[[Annalen der Physik]]|volume=322|issue=8|pages=549–560|language=de|url=http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein2.pdf|doi=10.1002/andp.19053220806|bibcode=1905AnP...322..549E|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718202731/http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein2.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2007|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> -->

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<ref name=stern20050516>{{cite web|last=Stern|first=David P.|date=16 May 2005|title=The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Model of the Atom|url=http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm|publisher=[[NASA]]/[[Goddard Space Flight Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820084047/http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm|archive-date=20 August 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=bohr19221211>{{cite web|last=Bohr|first=Niels|date=11 December 1922|title=Niels Bohr, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922, Nobel Lecture|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-lecture.html|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415183736/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-lecture.html|archive-date=15 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

<!--  <ref name=jacs38_4_762>{{cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Gilbert N.|year=1916|title=The Atom and the Molecule|journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]|volume=38|issue=4|pages=762–786|doi=10.1021/ja02261a002|s2cid=95865413 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429068|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825132554/https://zenodo.org/record/1429068/files/article.pdf|archive-date=25 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=jacs41_6_868>{{cite journal|last=Langmuir|first=Irving|year=1919|title=The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules|journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]|volume=41|issue=6|pages=868–934|doi=10.1021/ja02227a002|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621192330/https://zenodo.org/record/1429026|archive-date=21 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>-->

<!-- 
<ref name=fop17_6_575>{{cite journal|last=Scully|first=Marlan O. |author2=Lamb, Willis E.|author3= Barut, Asim|year=1987|title=On the theory of the Stern-Gerlach apparatus|journal=[[Foundations of Physics]]|volume=17|issue=6|pages=575–583|doi=10.1007/BF01882788|bibcode = 1987FoPh...17..575S |s2cid=122529426 }}</ref>
-->

<ref name=brown2007>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Kevin|year=2007|url=http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath538/kmath538.htm|title=The Hydrogen Atom|publisher=MathPages|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905172648/http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath538/kmath538.htm|archive-date=5 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=harrison2000>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=David M.|year=2000|title=The Development of Quantum Mechanics|url=http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/DevelQM/DevelQM.html|publisher=[[University of Toronto]]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071225095938/http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/DevelQM/DevelQM.html| archive-date= 25 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<!-- UNUSED REF <ref name=pm39_6_449>{{cite journal|last=Aston|first=Francis W.|year=1920|title=The constitution of atmospheric neon|journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]]|volume=39|issue=6|pages=449–455|doi=10.1080/14786440408636058|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430720|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427095842/https://zenodo.org/record/1430720|url-status=live}}</ref> -->

<!-- UNUSED REF <ref name=chadwick1935>{{cite web|last=Chadwick|first=James|date=12 December 1935|title=Nobel Lecture: The Neutron and Its Properties|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-lecture.html|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012100351/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-lecture.html|archive-date=12 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> -->

<!-- UNUSED REF <ref name="CHF">{{cite web|title=Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/otto-hahn-lise-meitner-and-fritz-strassmann|website=Science History Institute|date=June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130950/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/otto-hahn-lise-meitner-and-fritz-strassmann|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> -->

<!-- UNUSED REF <ref name=Bowden>{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-941901-12-3|chapter=Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/76 76–80, 125]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/76}}</ref> -->

<!-- UNUSED REF <ref name=nature143_3615_239>{{cite journal |last1=Meitner|first1=Lise|last2=Frisch|first2=Otto Robert|year=1939|title=Disintegration of uranium by neutrons: a new type of nuclear reaction|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=143 |issue=3615 |pages=239–240 |doi=10.1038/143239a0 |bibcode = 1939Natur.143..239M |s2cid=4113262}}</ref> -->

<!-- UNUSED REF <ref name=schroeder>{{cite web|last=Schroeder|first=M.|title=Lise Meitner – Zur 125. Wiederkehr Ihres Geburtstages|url=http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~mrs/Vortraege/Lise_Meitner-Vortrag-20031106/|language=de|access-date=4 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719034227/http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~mrs/Vortraege/Lise_Meitner-Vortrag-20031106/|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> -->

<ref name=schroeder2>{{cite web |last=Schroeder|first=Paul A.
|date=25 February 2000 |url=http://www.gly.uga.edu/schroeder/geol3010/magnetics.html |title=Magnetic Properties |publisher=University of Georgia|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070429150216/http://www.gly.uga.edu/schroeder/geol3010/magnetics.html |archive-date = 29 April 2007}}</ref>

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<ref name=pdg2002>{{cite web|author=Particle Data Group|year=2002|url=http://www.particleadventure.org/|title=The Particle Adventure|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070104075936/http://www.particleadventure.org/| archive-date= 4 January 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=schombert2006>{{cite web|first=James|last=Schombert|date=18 April 2006|url=http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html|title=Elementary Particles|publisher=University of Oregon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830212645/http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html|archive-date=30 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=wenner2007>{{cite web|last=Wenner|first=Jennifer M.|date=10 October 2007|url=http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/methods/quantlit/RadDecay.html|title=How Does Radioactive Decay Work?|publisher=Carleton College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511173156/http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/methods/quantlit/RadDecay.html|archive-date=11 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=mihos2002>{{cite web|last=Mihos|first=Chris|date=23 July 2002|url=http://burro.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/StarPhys/coulomb.html|title=Overcoming the Coulomb Barrier|publisher=Case Western Reserve University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912013620/http://burro.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/StarPhys/coulomb.html|archive-date=12 September 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=lbnl20070330>{{cite web|author=Staff|date=30 March 2007|url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/Basic.html|title=ABC's of Nuclear Science|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061205215708/http://www.lbl.gov/abc/Basic.html| archive-date= 5 December 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=makhijani_saleska2001>{{cite web|first=Arjun|last=Makhijani|author2=Saleska, Scott|date=2 March 2001|url=http://www.ieer.org/reports/n-basics.html|title=Basics of Nuclear Physics and Fission|publisher=Institute for Energy and Environmental Research| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070116045217/http://www.ieer.org/reports/n-basics.html| archive-date= 16 January 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=ajp63_7_653>{{cite journal|last=Fewell|first=M.P.|title=The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy|journal=[[American Journal of Physics]]|year=1995|volume=63|issue=7|pages=653–658|bibcode=1995AmJPh..63..653F|doi=10.1119/1.17828}}</ref>

<ref name="raymond">{{cite web|last=Raymond |first=David |date=7 April 2006 |url=http://physics.nmt.edu/~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node216.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021201030437/http://physics.nmt.edu/~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node216.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2002 |title=Nuclear Binding Energies |publisher=New Mexico Tech}}</ref>

<ref name=science157_3784_13>{{cite journal|last=Mulliken|first=Robert S.|title=Spectroscopy, Molecular Orbitals, and Chemical Bonding|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |year=1967|volume=157|issue=3784|pages=13–24|doi=10.1126/science.157.3784.13|pmid=5338306|bibcode = 1967Sci...157...13M }}</ref>

<ref name=Brucat2008>{{cite web|last=Brucat |first=Philip J. |year=2008 |url=http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_10.html |title=The Quantum Atom |publisher=University of Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207032136/http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_10.html |archive-date=7 December 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=herter_8>{{cite web|last=Herter |first=Terry |year=2006 |url=http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro101/herter/lectures/lec08.htm |title=Lecture 8: The Hydrogen Atom |publisher=Cornell University|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222062433/http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro101/herter/lectures/lec08.htm |archive-date=22 February 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=pr79_2_282>{{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=R.E.|title=Gamma-Rays from the Reaction H<sup>1</sup>(n,γ)D<sup>2</sup> and the Binding Energy of the Deuteron|journal=[[Physical Review]]|year=1950|volume=79|issue=2|pages=282–285|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.79.282|last2=Elliott|first2=L.G.|bibcode = 1950PhRv...79..282B }}</ref>

<ref name=matis2000>{{cite web|last=Matis|first=Howard S.|date=9 August 2000|url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/02/3.html|title=The Isotopes of Hydrogen|website=Guide to the Nuclear Wall Chart|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Lab| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071218153548/http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/02/3.html| archive-date= 18 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=weiss20061017>{{cite news|last=Weiss|first=Rick|date=17 October 2006|title=Scientists Announce Creation of Atomic Element, the Heaviest Yet|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/16/AR2006101601083.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820082130/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/16/AR2006101601083.html|archive-date=20 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=dume20030423>{{cite news|last=Dumé|first=Belle|date=23 April 2003|title=Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay|publisher=Physics World|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/17319| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071214151450/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/17319| archive-date= 14 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=lidsay20000730>{{cite web|last=Lindsay|first=Don|date=30 July 2000|url=http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html|title=Radioactives Missing From The Earth|publisher=Don Lindsay Archive| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070428225550/http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html| archive-date= 28 April 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=manthey2001>{{cite web|last=Manthey|first=David|year=2001|url=http://www.orbitals.com/orb/|title=Atomic Orbitals|publisher=Orbital Central| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080110102801/http://www.orbitals.com/orb/| archive-date= 10 January 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=tuli2005>{{cite web|first=Jagdish K.|last=Tuli|date=April 2005|title=Nuclear Wallet Cards|publisher=National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory|url=http://nucleus.iaea.org/CIR/CIR/NuclearWalletCards.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003185243/http://nucleus.iaea.org/CIR/CIR/NuclearWalletCards.html|archive-date=3 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=chieh2001>{{cite web|last=Chieh|first=Chung|date=22 January 2001|url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/nuctek/nuclideunstable.html|title=Nuclide Stability|publisher=University of Waterloo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830110015/http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/nuctek/nuclideunstable.html|archive-date=30 August 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=nist_wc>{{cite web
|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some
|title=Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements
|publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology
|access-date=4 January 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061231212733/http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some| archive-date= 31 December 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=audi2003>{{cite journal |last1=Audi |first1=G. |title=The Ame2003 atomic mass evaluation (II) |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |year=2003 |volume=729 |issue=1 |pages=337–676 |url=http://amdc.in2p3.fr/masstables/Ame2003/Ame2003b.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729..337A |last2=Wapstra |first2=A.H. |last3=Thibault |first3=C.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016185841/http://amdc.in2p3.fr/masstables/Ame2003/Ame2003b.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2005 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=aca32_5_751>{{cite journal|last=Shannon|first=R.D.|title=Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides|journal=[[Acta Crystallographica A]]|year=1976|volume=32|issue=5|pages=751–767|doi=10.1107/S0567739476001551|bibcode=1976AcCrA..32..751S|url=http://journals.iucr.org/a/issues/1976/05/00/a12967/a12967.pdf|access-date=25 August 2019|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814154832/https://journals.iucr.org/a/issues/1976/05/00/a12967/a12967.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=dong1998>{{cite web|last=Dong|first=Judy|year=1998 |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/MichaelPhillip.shtml|title=Diameter of an Atom|publisher=The Physics Factbook| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071104160920/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/MichaelPhillip.shtml| archive-date= 4 November 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=osu2007>{{cite web
|author=Staff
|year=2007
|url=http://oregonstate.edu/terra/2007/02/small-miracles/
|title=Small Miracles: Harnessing nanotechnology
|publisher=Oregon State University
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521145107/http://oregonstate.edu/terra/2007/02/small-miracles/
|archive-date=21 May 2011
|url-status=live
}} – describes the width of a human hair as {{val|e=5|u=nm}} and 10 carbon atoms as spanning 1&nbsp;nm.</ref>

<ref name=splung>{{cite web |url=http://www.splung.com/content/sid/5/page/radioactivity |title=Radioactivity |publisher=Splung.com |access-date=19 December 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071204135150/http://www.splung.com/content/sid/5/page/radioactivity| archive-date= 4 December 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=firestone20000522>{{cite web|last=Firestone |first=Richard B. |date=22 May 2000 |url=http://isotopes.lbl.gov/education/decmode.html |title=Radioactive Decay Modes |publisher=Berkeley Laboratory|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929111801/http://isotopes.lbl.gov/education/decmode.html |archive-date=29 September 2006 }}</ref>

<ref name=hornak2006>{{cite web |last=Hornak|first=J.P.|year=2006 |url=http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/chap-3/chap-3.htm |title=Chapter 3: Spin Physics|website=The Basics of NMR |publisher=Rochester Institute of Technology| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070203044312/http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/chap-3/chap-3.htm| archive-date= 3 February 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=goebel20070901>{{cite web |last=Goebel |first=Greg |date=1 September 2007 |url=http://www.vectorsite.net/tpqm_04.html |title=<nowiki>[4.3]</nowiki> Magnetic Properties of the Atom |website=Elementary Quantum Physics |publisher=In The Public Domain website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629143026/http://www.vectorsite.net/tpqm_04.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

<ref name=yarris1997>{{cite journal |last=Yarris|first=Lynn|title=Talking Pictures |journal=Berkeley Lab Research Review |date=Spring 1997 |url=http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1997/story1.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080113104939/http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1997/story1.html| archive-date= 13 January 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=zeghbroeck1998>{{cite web
 |last=Zeghbroeck
 |first=Bart J. Van
 |year=1998
 |url=http://physics.ship.edu/~mrc/pfs/308/semicon_book/eband2.htm
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050115030639/http://physics.ship.edu/~mrc/pfs/308/semicon_book/eband2.htm
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-date=15 January 2005
|title=Energy levels
 |publisher=Shippensburg University}}</ref>

<ref name=martin2007>{{cite web |last=Martin|first=W.C. |author2=Wiese, W.L.|date=May 2007 |url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/AtSpec/ |title=Atomic Spectroscopy: A Compendium of Basic Ideas, Notation, Data, and Formulas |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070208113156/http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/AtSpec/| archive-date= 8 February 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name=avogadro>{{cite web|url=http://www.avogadro.co.uk/light/bohr/spectra.htm |title=Atomic Emission Spectra – Origin of Spectral Lines |publisher=Avogadro Web Site |access-date=10 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228231025/http://www.avogadro.co.uk/light/bohr/spectra.htm |archive-date=28 February 2006 }}</ref>

<ref name=fitzpatrick20070216>{{cite web |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Richard |date=16 February 2007 |url=http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/qm/lectures/node55.html |title=Fine structure |publisher=University of Texas at Austin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927021402/http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/qm/lectures/node55.html |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=weiss2001>{{cite web |last=Weiss|first=Michael|year=2001 |url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/spin/node8.html |title=The Zeeman Effect |publisher=University of California-Riverside| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080202143147/http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/spin/node8.html| archive-date= 2 February 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

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