Editing Anti-ballistic missile (section)

===Tactical ABMs deployed in 1990s===
The Israeli [[Arrow (Israeli missile)|Arrow missile]] system was tested initially during 1990, before the [[Gulf War|first Gulf War]]. The Arrow was supported by the United States throughout the 1990s.

The [[Patriot missile|Patriot]] was the first deployed tactical ABM system, although it was not designed from the outset for that task and consequently had limitations. It was used during the 1991 Gulf War to attempt to intercept Iraqi [[Scud]] missiles. Post-war analyses show that the Patriot was much less effective than initially thought because of its radar and control system's inability to discriminate warheads from other objects when the Scud missiles broke up during reentry.

<!--[https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/nmd/index.html FAS] also has a time line for ABM/NMB/TBMD starting in [https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/milestone.htm Missile Defense Milestones]-->
Testing ABM technology continued during the 1990s with mixed success. After the Gulf War, improvements were made to several U.S. air defense systems. A new Patriot, [[PAC-3]], was developed and tested—a complete redesign of the PAC-2 deployed during the war, including a totally new missile. The improved guidance, radar and missile performance improves the probability of kill over the earlier PAC-2. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, Patriot batteries engaged 100% of enemy [[Tactical ballistic missile|TBMs]] within their engagement territory. Of these engagements, 8 of them were verified as kills by multiple independent sensors; the remaining was listed as a probable kill due to lack of independent verification. Patriot was involved in three [[friendly fire]] incidents: two incidents of Patriot shootings at coalition aircraft and one of U.S. aircraft shooting at a Patriot battery.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Defense Science Board Task Force |url=http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2005-01-Patriot_Report_Summary.pdf |title=Patriot system performance – report summary |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226111836/http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2005-01-Patriot_Report_Summary.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2006 |date=January 2005}}</ref>

A new version of the Hawk missile was tested during the early to mid-1990s and by the end of 1998 the majority of US Marine Corps Hawk systems were modified to support basic theater anti-ballistic missile capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=FAS |url=https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/hawk.htm |title=Hawk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015200451/http://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/hawk.htm |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> The [[MIM-23 Hawk]] missile is not operational in U.S. service since 2002, but is used by many other countries.

[[File:Navy Theater Ballistic Missile Defense.JPG|thumb|right|Developed in the late 1990s, the Lightweight Exo-Atmospheric Projectile attaches to a modified [[RIM-156 Standard|SM-2 Block IV missile]] used by the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]]]
Soon after the Gulf War, the [[Aegis Combat System]] was expanded to include ABM capabilities. The [[RIM-156 Standard|Standard missile]] system was also enhanced and tested for ballistic missile interception. During the late 1990s, SM-2 block IVA missiles were tested in a theater ballistic missile defense function.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/sm2.htm |title=Navy Area Defense (NAD) |publisher=FAS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812145613/https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/sm2.htm|archive-date=12 August 2007}}</ref> [[RIM-161 Standard missile 3|Standard Missile 3 (SM-3)]] systems have also been tested for an ABM role. In 2008, an SM-3 missile launched from the {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|2}} {{USS|Lake Erie|CG-70|6}}, successfully intercepted [[USA-193|a non-functioning satellite]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=DoD Succeeds in Intercepting Non-Functioning Satellite|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=11704|date=20 February 2008|number=No. 0139-08|publisher=U.S. Department of Defense|access-date=20 February 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080226105236/http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=11704| archive-date= 26 February 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title= Navy Succeeds in Intercepting Non-Functioning Satellite|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=35114|publisher=U.S. Navy|date=20 February 2008|number=NNS080220-19|access-date=20 February 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080225234718/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=35114| archive-date= 25 February 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref>