Editing Yoga (section)

===Modern revival===

===={{anchor|Introduction in the west}}Introduction in the West====

[[File:Swami_Vivekananda_1896.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Formal photograph of Swami Vivekananda, eyes downcast|Swami Vivekananda in London in 1896]]

Yoga and other aspects of Indian philosophy came to the attention of the educated Western public during the mid-19th century, and [[N. C. Paul]] published his ''Treatise on Yoga Philosophy'' in 1851.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFyCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10|title=The Little Red Book of Yoga Wisdom|last=Besaw|first=Kelsie|date=2014-01-07|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781628738704|language=en|page=10}}</ref> [[Swami Vivekananda]], the first Hindu teacher to advocate and disseminate elements of yoga to a Western audience, toured Europe and the United States in the 1890s.<ref name="ReferenceA">Shaw, Eric. "35 Moments", ''[[Yoga Journal]]'', 2010.</ref> His reception built on the interest of intellectuals who included the [[Transcendental Club|New England Transcendentalists]]; among them were [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] (1803–1882), who drew on [[German Romanticism]] and philosophers and scholars such as [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] (1770–1831), the brothers [[August Wilhelm Schlegel]] (1767–1845) and [[Friedrich Schlegel]] (1772–1829), [[Max Müller|Max Mueller]] (1823–1900), and [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] (1788–1860).{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|pp=21ff}}<ref>Von Glasenapp, Hellmuth. ''Die Philosophie der Inder''. Stuttgart, 1974: A. Kroener Verlag, pp. 166f.</ref>

[[Theosophists]], including [[Helena Blavatsky]], also influenced the Western public's view of yoga.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.utne.com/2007-03-01/Mind-Body/Fear-of-Yoga.aspx?page=2#axzz2bnQLbp2o |title=Fear of Yoga |publisher=Utne.com |access-date=28 August 2013}}</ref> Esoteric views at the end of the 19th century encouraged the reception of Vedanta and yoga, with their correspondence between the spiritual and the physical.{{sfn|De Michelis|2004|pp=19ff}} The reception of yoga and Vedanta entwined with the (primarily [[Neoplatonism|neoplatonic]]) currents of religious and philosophical reform and [[Spiritual transformation|transformation]] during the 19th and early 20th centuries. [[Mircea Eliade]] brought a new element to yoga, emphasizing tantric yoga in his ''Yoga: Immortality and Freedom''.{{sfn|Eliade|1958}} With the introduction of tantra traditions and philosophy, the conception of the "transcendent" attained by yogic practice shifted from the mind to the body.<ref>Flood, Gavin D., Body and Cosmology in Kashmir Saivism, San Francisco, 1993: Mellen Research University Press, pp.229ff.</ref>

===={{anchor|Yoga as a physical practice}}Yoga as exercise====

{{main|Yoga as exercise}}

[[File:Yoga in Bryant Park (01194).jpg|thumb|Large public [[yoga as exercise]] class in a New York City park]]

The postural yoga of the Western world is a physical activity consisting of asanas, often connected by [[Vinyāsa|smooth transitions]], sometimes accompanied by breathing exercises and usually ending with a period of relaxation or meditation. It is often known simply as "yoga",<ref name="De Michelis 2007">{{cite journal |last=De Michelis |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth De Michelis |title=A Preliminary Survey of Modern Yoga Studies |journal=Asian Medicine, Tradition and Modernity |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=2007 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1163/157342107X207182 |url=https://wzukusers.storage.googleapis.com/user-31520575/documents/5a57bf9c24c23ZrCu301/Survey_of_Modern_Yoga_De_Michelis_2007.pdf}}</ref> despite older Hindu traditions (some dating to the ''Yoga Sutras'') in which asanas played little or no part; asanas were not central to any tradition.<ref name="Jain 2016">{{cite conference |last=Jain |first=Andrea |author-link=Andrea Jain |chapter=The Early History of Modern Yoga |title=Modern Yoga |journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |chapter-url=http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-163 |series=Oxford Research Encyclopedias |access-date=23 February 2019 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.163 |date=July 2016|isbn=978-0-19-934037-8 }}</ref>

Yoga as exercise is part of a modern yoga renaissance,<ref name="Mishra 2016">{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Debashree |title=Once Upon A Time: From 1918, this Yoga institute has been teaching generations, creating history |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/once-upon-a-time-from-1918-this-yoga-institute-has-been-teaching-generations-creating-history/|newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=3 July 2016 |location=Mumbai}}</ref> a 20th-century blend of Western gymnastics and haṭha yoga pioneered by [[Shri Yogendra]] and [[Swami Kuvalayananda]].{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=32, 50}} Before 1900, hatha yoga had few standing poses; the [[Sun Salutation]] was pioneered by Bhawanrao Shrinivasrao Pant Pratinidhi, the Rajah of Aundh, during the 1920s.<ref name="ET 2018">{{cite news |last1=Doctor |first1=Vikram |title=Bhawanrao Shrinivasrao Pant Pratinidhi: The man who promoted Surya Namaskar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bhawanrao-shrinivasrao-pant-pratinidhi-the-man-who-promoted-surya-namaskar/articleshow/64607546.cms |work=The Economic Times (India) |date=15 June 2018}}</ref> Many standing poses used in gymnastics were incorporated into yoga by [[Krishnamacharya]] in Mysore between the 1930s and the 1950s.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=199–203}} Several of his students founded schools of yoga. [[Pattabhi Jois]] created [[ashtanga vinyasa yoga]],{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=175–210}} which led to [[Power Yoga]];<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kest |first1=Bryan |title=The History of Power Yoga |url=https://poweryoga.com/blog/power-yoga-history/ |publisher=Power Yoga |access-date=1 January 2019<!--Primary source presumed correct about itself-->|date=4 September 2017 }}</ref> [[B. K. S. Iyengar]] created [[Iyengar Yoga]] and systematised asanas in his 1966 book, ''[[Light on Yoga]]'';{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|pp=39, 47}} [[Indra Devi]] taught yoga to Hollywood actors; and Krishnamacharya's son, [[T. K. V. Desikachar]], founded the Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandalam in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/lifestyle/281 |title=The New Yoga |last=Cushman |first=Ann |date=January–February 2000 |work=[[Yoga Journal]] |page=68 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Mehta|Mehta|Mehta|1990|p=9}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Desikachar |first=T. K. V. |author-link=T. K. V. Desikachar |year=2005 |title=Health, healing and beyond: Yoga and the living tradition of Krishnamacharya |page=cover jacket text |publisher=Aperture, USA |isbn=978-0-89381-731-2}}</ref> Other schools founded during the 20th century include [[Bikram Choudhury]]'s [[Bikram Yoga]] and [[Swami Sivananda]] of [[Rishikesh]]'s [[Sivananda yoga]]. Yoga as exercise has spread around the world.<ref name="YJ on styles">{{cite web |title=What's Your Style? Explore the Types of Yoga |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/practice/which-yoga-is-right-for-you-2 |work=Yoga Journal |date=13 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Beirne 2014">{{cite news |last=Beirne |first=Geraldine |title=Yoga: a beginner's guide to the different styles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jan/10/yoga-beginners-guide-different-styles |access-date=1 February 2019 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2014}}</ref>

[[File:The Yoga Guru, Baba Ramdev and the Union Minister for Urban Development, Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and Parliamentary Affairs, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu at a yoga camp ahead of the International Day of Yoga - 2016 (1).jpg|thumb|alt=A guru leads a large group in outdoor meditation|[[International Day of Yoga]] in New Delhi, 2016]]

The number of asanas used in yoga has increased from 84 in 1830 (as illustrated in ''[[Joga Pradipika]]'') to about 200 in ''Light on Yoga'' and over 900 performed by [[Dharma Mittra]] by 1984. The goal of haṭha yoga (spiritual liberation through energy) was largely replaced by the goals of fitness and relaxation, and many of its more esoteric components were reduced or removed.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=29, 170}} In modern usage, the term "hatha yoga"<!--as opposed to ''haṭha''--> denotes gentle exercise, often for [[Yoga for women|women]].{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=152}}

Yoga as exercise has developed into a worldwide, multi-billion-dollar business involving classes, teacher certification, clothing, books, videos, equipment, and holidays.<ref name="Delaney 2017">{{cite news |last1=Delaney |first1=Brigid |title=The yoga industry is booming – but does it make you a better person? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/sep/17/yoga-better-person-lifestyle-exercise |work=The Guardian |date=17 September 2017}}</ref> The ancient, cross-legged [[lotus position]] and [[Siddhasana]] are widely recognised symbols of yoga.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=32}} The [[United Nations General Assembly]] established 21 June as the [[International Day of Yoga]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unic.org.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709170015/http://www.unic.org.in/display.php?E=13712&K=Yoga|url-status=dead|title=United Nations Information Centre for India and Bhutan|archive-date=9 July 2016|website=www.unic.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rajghatta |first=Chidanand |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Narendra-Modi-calls-for-International-Yoga-Day/articleshow/43665102.cms |title=Narendra Modi calls for International Yoga Day |date=28 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UN-declares-June-21-as-International-Day-of-Yoga/articleshow/45480636.cms|title=UN declares June 21 as 'International Day of Yoga' &#124; India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 December 2014 }}</ref> and it has been celebrated annually around the world since 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom24x7.com/2015/06/21/massive-turnout-on-international-day-of-yoga-in-india/|title=Massive turnout on International Day of Yoga in India|first=Newsroom24x7|last=Network|date=21 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi Leads Yoga Session, India Sets Guinness Records: 10 Developments|url=http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/sushma-swaraj-addresses-the-united-nations-in-new-york-on-international-yogaday-highlights-773899 |access-date=21 June 2015 |agency=NDTV}}</ref> On 1 December 2016, yoga was listed by [[UNESCO]] as an [[intangible cultural heritage]].<ref>{{Cite news | title=Yoga joins Unesco world heritage list | work=The Guardian | date=2016-12-01 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/dec/01/yoga-joins-unesco-intangible-world-heritage-list}}</ref>

The effect of yoga as exercise on physical and mental health has been a subject of study, with evidence that regular practice is beneficial for low back pain and stress.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Alyson |last2=Thomas |first2=Sue |title=The Health Benefits of Yoga and Exercise: A Review of Comparison Studies |journal=The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine |volume=16 |issue=1 |year=2010 |pages=3–12 |doi=10.1089/acm.2009.0044 |pmid=20105062 |s2cid=14130906 }}</ref><ref name=hayes>{{cite journal |author1=Hayes, M. |author2=Chase, S. |title=Prescribing Yoga |journal=Primary Care |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=31–47 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20188996 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.009}}</ref> In 2017, a [[Cochrane (organisation)|Cochrane]] review found that yoga as exercise interventions designed for chronic [[low back pain]] increased function at the six month mark, and modestly decreased pain after 3–4 months. The decrease in pain was found to be similar to other exercise programs designed for low-back pain, but the decrease is not large enough to be deemed clinically significant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wieland |first1=L. Susan |last2=Skoetz |first2=Nicole |last3=Pilkington |first3=Karen |last4=Vempati |first4=Ramaprabhu |last5=D'Adamo |first5=Christopher R. |last6=Berman |first6=Brian M. |date=2017-01-12 |title=Yoga treatment for chronic non-specific low back pain |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=1 |issue=1 |at=CD010671 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd010671.pub2 |pmc=5294833 |pmid=28076926}}</ref>