Editing Xenophobia (section)

===Middle East===
{{Further|Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East}}{{See also|Antisemitism in the Arab world}}
In 2008, a [[Pew Research Center]] survey found that negative views concerning Jews were most common in the three predominantly Arab nations which were polled, with 97% of Lebanese having an unfavorable opinion of Jews, 95% of Egyptians and 96% of Jordanians.<ref>[http://www.pewglobal.org/files/pdf/262.pdf Unfavorable Views of Jews and Muslims on the increase in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218070018/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/pdf/262.pdf|date=18 December 2017}} Pew Global Attitudes Research 17 September 2008, page 10</ref>

==== Egypt ====
The Egyptian [[Muslim Brotherhood]] leader [[Mohammed Mahdi Akef]] has denounced what he called "the myth of [[the Holocaust]]" in defense of the former-Iranian president [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]'s [[Holocaust denial|denial]] of it.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4554986.stm "Egyptian Islamists deny Holocaust"], ''[[BBC News]]'', 23 December 2005.</ref> In an article in October 2000 columnist Adel Hammoda alleged in the state-owned Egyptian newspaper ''[[al-Ahram]]'' that Jews make [[Matza]] from the blood of non-Jewish children (see [[Blood libel]]).<ref>''Al-Ahram'' (Egypt), 28 October 2000</ref> Mohammed Salmawy, the editor of ''[[Al-Ahram Hebdo]]'', "defended the use of old European myths like the blood libel against Jews" in his newspapers.<ref>Clark, Kate (10 August 2003). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3136059.stm "Interpreting Egypt's anti-semitic cartoons"], ''[[BBC News]]''.</ref>

==== Jordan ====
[[Jordan]] does not allow entry to Jews who have visible signs of Judaism or possess personal religious items. The Jordanian ambassador to Israel replied to a complaint by a religious Jew who was denied entry by stating that security concerns required that travelers who are entering the Hashemite Kingdom should not do so with prayer shawls ([[Tallit]]) and phylacteries ([[Tefillin]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Jordan denies entry to Israeli with Jewish prayer items |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/jordan-denies-entry-to-israeli-with-jewish-prayer-items-1.279743 |date=10 July 2009 |work=Haaretz |access-date=11 April 2014}}</ref> Jordanian authorities state that the policy is to ensure the Jewish tourists' safety.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israeli tourists asked to hand over Jewish paraphernalia |url=http://www.eturbonews.com/4337/israeli-tourists-asked-hand-over-jewish-paraphernalia |date=13 August 2008 |publisher=eTurboNews |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211182920/http://www.eturbonews.com/4337/israeli-tourists-asked-hand-over-jewish-paraphernalia |archive-date=11 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In July 2009, six [[Breslov (Hasidic dynasty)|Breslov]] [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidim]] were deported after attempting to enter Jordan to visit the tomb of [[Aaron]] / Sheikh Harun on [[Mount Hor]], near [[Petra]]. The group had taken a ferry from [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]], Egypt because they understood that Jordanian authorities were making it hard for visible Jews to enter their country from Israel.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mendel, Arieh |script-title=he:חסידי ברסלב גורשו מירדן: "הם מאוד מאוכזבים" |url=http://www.haredim.co.il/ViewArticle.aspx?catID=1&itmID=970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008033754/http://www.haredim.co.il/ViewArticle.aspx?catID=1&itmID=970 |archive-date=8 October 2011 |date=21 July 2009 |publisher=Haredim.co.il |access-date=24 July 2009|language=he}}</ref>

==== Israel ====
{{See also|Xenophobia in Israel|Racism in Israel|Anti-Arabism in Israel}}
[[File:02 05 03 Die Arab Sand.jpg|thumb|Graffiti reading "Die Arab [[sand nigger|Sand-Niggers]]!" reportedly sprayed by settlers on a house in [[Hebron]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newtrendmag.org/pictures8.htm |title=NTM Pictures8 – NewTrendMag.org |access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>]]

According to the 2004 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Israel and the Occupied Territories, the Israeli government had done "little to reduce institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens."<ref name="state.gov-2004">{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41723.htm |title=Israel and the occupied territories |publisher=State.gov |date=28 February 2005 |access-date=22 July 2010}}</ref> The 2005 [[US Department of State]] report on Israel wrote: "[T]he government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in some areas, including... institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab citizens]]."<ref name="USDS2005">{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61690.htm |title=Israel and the occupied territories |access-date=1 August 2006 |author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |date=8 March 2006 |work=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2005 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> 

The 2010 U.S. State Department Country Report stated that Israeli law prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, and the Israeli government effectively enforced these prohibitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/nea/154463.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413173255/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/nea/154463.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2011 |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories |publisher=State.gov |date=8 April 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> Former [[Likud]] MK and Minister of Defense [[Moshe Arens]] has criticized the treatment of minorities in Israel, saying that they did not bear the full obligation of Israeli citizenship, nor were they extended the full privileges of citizenship.<ref>Quoted in {{Cite book |publisher=UPNE |isbn=978-1-58465-327-1 |last=Rebhun |first=Uzi |author2=Chaim Isaac Waxman |title=Jews in Israel: contemporary social and cultural patterns |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jewsinisraelcont0000unse/page/472 472] |url=https://archive.org/details/jewsinisraelcont0000unse/page/472 }}</ref>

The [[Association for Civil Rights in Israel]] (ACRI) published reports which documented racism in Israel, and the 2007 report suggested that [[anti-Arab racism]] was increasing in the country. One analysis of the report summarized it thus: "Over two-thirds of Israeli teens believe that Arabs are less intelligent, uncultured and violent.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3480345,00.html|title=Racism in Israel on the rise|date=12 August 2007|website=Ynetnews|last1=Zino|first1=Aviram}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7136068.stm|title=Israeli anti-Arab racism 'rises'|date=10 December 2007|publisher=BBC}}</ref> The Israeli government spokesman responded that the Israeli government was "committed to fighting racism whenever it raises its ugly head and is committed to full equality to all Israeli citizens, irrespective of ethnicity, creed or background, as defined by our declaration of independence".<ref name=bbc /> Isi Leibler of the Jerusalem Center for Public affairs argues that Israeli Jews are troubled by "increasingly hostile, even treasonable outbursts by Israeli Arabs against the state" while it is at war with neighboring countries.<ref name=mfa>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2004/1/2003%20Terrorism%20Review 2003 Terrorism Review]. Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved 16 December 2010.</ref> Khaled Diab of ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote in 2012 that demonisation was a two-way street, with Palestinians in Israel reportedly holding negative stereotypes of Israelis as devious, violent, cunning and untrustworthy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khaled Diab |date=19 January 2012 |title=Hacking away at Arab and Israeli stereotypes |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jan/19/hacking-arab-israeli-stereotypes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220420103124/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jan/19/hacking-arab-israeli-stereotypes%23comments |archive-date=20 April 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |access-date=8 May 2022 }}</ref>

A 2018 poll by Pew Research Center also suggested there to be particularly widespread anti-refugee sentiment among surveyed Israelis compared to the people from other selected countries. Israeli people also have a long history of discrimination towards Palestinians<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-opposition-to-accepting-refugees-highest-in-west-poll/|title=Israel's opposition to accepting refugees is highest in West — poll|website=The Times of Israel|language=en-US|access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref>

==== Kuwait ====
In April 2020, an actress said on Kuwaiti TV that migrants should be thrown out "into the desert", amidst reported exploitation of foreign labourers in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hubbard |first=Ben |date=13 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus Fears Terrify and Impoverish Migrants in the Persian Gulf |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/13/world/middleeast/persian-gulf-migrants-coronavirus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220507000033/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/13/world/middleeast/persian-gulf-migrants-coronavirus.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=8 May 2022 }}</ref> Reports of Sierra Leonean, Indonesian and Nepalese workers suffering abuse in Kuwait have prompted the 3 countries' governments to ban its citizens from being employed as domestic workers there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pete Pattisson |date=2 April 2015 |title=Women from Sierra Leone 'sold like slaves' into domestic work in Kuwait |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/apr/02/women-sierra-leone-sold-like-slaves-domestic-work-kuwait |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Expat surveys done by InterNations have ranked the country amongst the most unfriendly for expatriates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expat Insider 2021: The Year of Uncertainty (page 31) |url=https://cms-internationsgmbh.netdna-ssl.com/sites/default/files/2021-05/InterNations_Expat-Insider-2021_0.pdf |website=InterNations |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422010136/https://cms-internationsgmbh.netdna-ssl.com/sites/default/files/2021-05/InterNations_Expat-Insider-2021_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=World's 10 unfriendliest countries for expats revealed |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/unfriendliest-countries-for-expats-revealed-expatriates-emigration-sweden-denmark-kuwait-a7216316.html |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Lebanon ====
[[Hezbollah]]'s [[Al-Manar]] TV channel has often been accused of airing antisemitic broadcasts, accusing the Jews/[[Zionism|Zionists]] of [[conspiracy theories in the Arab world|conspiring against the Arab world]], and frequently airing excerpts from ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Sciolino |first=Elaine |author2=Carole Corm |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E7DE1031F93AA35751C1A9629C8B63 |title=A New French Headache: When Is Hate on TV Illegal? |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=9 December 2004 |access-date=11 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/special_reports/protocols/protocols_recycled.asp |title=Anti-Semitic Series on Arab Television: Satellite Network Recycles The Protocols of the Elders of Zion |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=9 January 2004 |access-date=11 April 2014 |archive-date=15 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115091803/http://www.adl.org/special_reports/protocols/protocols_recycled.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.wiesenthal.com/siteapps/advocacy/ActionItem.aspx?c=fwLYKnN8LzH&b=297065 "Urge President Chirac to Block Hezbollah's Antisemitic and Hate TV".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010194739/http://www.wiesenthal.com/siteapps/advocacy/ActionItem.aspx?c=fwLYKnN8LzH&b=297065 |date=10 October 2007 }} ''[[Simon Wiesenthal Center]]''. 21 May 2008.</ref> which the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' describes as a "fraudulent document which served as a pretext and rationale for anti-Semitism in the early 20th century". In another incident, an Al-Manar commentator recently referred to "Zionist attempts to transmit [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] to Arab countries". Al-Manar officials denied broadcasting any antisemitic incitement and they also stated that their group's position is anti-Israeli, not antisemitic. However, Hezbollah has directed strong rhetoric against both Israel and Jews, and it has cooperated in publishing and distributing outright antisemitic literature. The government of Lebanon has not criticized Hezbollah's continued broadcast of antisemitic material on television.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136073.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315152840/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136073.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2010 |title=2009 Human Rights Report: Lebanon |publisher=State.gov |date=11 March 2010 |access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref>

There are also substantial accounts<ref>{{Cite web|title=We want justice for migrant domestic workers in Lebanon|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/04/lebanon-migrant-domestic-workers-their-house-is-our-prison/|access-date=21 June 2020|publisher=Amnesty International|date=24 April 2019|language=en}}</ref> of abuses against [[migrant domestic workers in Lebanon]], notably from Ethiopia, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sudan, and other countries in Asia and Africa, exacerbated by the [[Kafala system]], or "sponsorship system". Increases in abuse occurred during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 March 2020|title=Life for Lebanon's migrant domestic workers worsens amid crisis|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/06/life-lebanons-migrant-domestic-workers-worsens-amid-crisis|access-date=21 June 2020|publisher=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref>

==== Palestine ====
{{Main|Racism in the Palestinian territories}}
{{See also|Human rights in the Palestinian territories|Antisemitism in the Arab world#Palestinian territories|Antisemitism#Palestinian territories|Demographics of the Palestinian territories}}
Various Palestinian organizations and individuals have been regularly accused of being antisemitic. [[Howard Gutman]] believes that much of Muslim hatred of Jews stems from the ongoing [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] and that peace would significantly reduce [[antisemitism]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4156355,00.html |title=Jew-hate stems from conflict |work=ynet |date=3 December 2011 |access-date=17 June 2015|last1=Gantz |first1=Menachem }}</ref>

Anti-US and anti-Israeli sentiment had led some Palestinians to support the 2001 [[September 11 attacks]] in New York.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2001 |title=Palestinians Celebrate Here and in Beirut With Gunfire |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]], [[Reuters]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5385836 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111195827/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5385836 |archive-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> In August 2003, senior [[Hamas]] official Dr [[Abd Al-Aziz Al-Rantisi]] wrote in the Hamas newspaper ''Al-Risala'':<ref name="wymaninstitute">{{cite web |url=http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2003-denialreport.php |title=Holocaust Denial: A Global Survey - 2003 |publisher=David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies |first1=Alex |last1=Grobman |first2=Rafael |last2=Medoff |access-date=27 March 2015 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093917/http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2003-denialreport.php |archive-date= Apr 2, 2015 }}</ref><blockquote>It is no longer a secret that the Zionists were behind the Nazis' murder of many Jews, and agreed to it, with the aim of intimidating them and forcing them to immigrate to Palestine.</blockquote> In August 2009, Hamas refused to allow Palestinian children to learn about the Holocaust, which it called "a lie invented by the Zionists" and referred to [[Holocaust]] education as a "[[war crime]]".<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://jta.org/news/article/2009/08/31/1007549/hamas-condemns-un-for-teaching-the-holocaust#When:14:44:00Z |title=Hamas rips U.N. for teaching the Holocaust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904093310/http://jta.org/news/article/2009/08/31/1007549/hamas-condemns-un-for-teaching-the-holocaust |archive-date=4 September 2009 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]] |date=31 August 2009 }}</ref> A 2016 [[Gallup International Association|Gallup International]] poll had roughly 74% of Palestinian respondents agreeing there was religious superiority, 78% agreeing there was racial superiority, and 76% agreeing there was cultural superiority. The percentages were among the highest out of 66 nations surveyed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October–December 2016 |title=Global values: religion, race, culture |url=https://www.gallup-international.com/fileadmin/user_upload/surveys/2016/2016_Religion_Race_Culture.pdf |website=[[Gallup International Association]] |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419162130/http://www.gallup-international.com/fileadmin/user_upload/surveys/2016/2016_Religion_Race_Culture.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2017 |title=This Is Where Intolerance Is Highest on Religion, Culture, Race |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-01/this-is-where-intolerance-is-highest-on-religion-culture-race |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220502105927/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-01/this-is-where-intolerance-is-highest-on-religion-culture-race |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 }}</ref>

==== Saudi Arabia ====
{{See also|Xenophobia in Saudi Arabia|Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia|Human rights in Saudi Arabia|}}[[Racism in Saudi Arabia]] is practiced against labor workers who are foreigners, mostly from [[Developing country|developing countries]].
Asian maids who work in the country have been victims of racism and other forms of discrimination,<ref>{{cite book |first1=James |last1=Donald |author2=Ali Rattansi |title=Race, Culture and Difference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NZonSikZPcC&pg=PA27 |year=1992 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-8039-8580-3 |page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=11601 |title=Asian maids in Gulf face maltreatment |publisher=Middle East Online |date=10 October 2004 |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123440/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=11601 |archive-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Rabiya |last=Parekh |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/worldhaveyoursay/2006/04/south_asian_workers_in_saudi.html |title=World Service – World Have Your Say: South Asian workers in Saudi |publisher=BBC |date=4 April 2006 |access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Religion/?id=3.0.2720941512 |title=Saudi Arabia: Asian immigrant forced to clean mosques for 'skipping prayers' – Adnkronos Religion |publisher=Adnkronos.com |date=7 April 2003 |access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref> foreign workers have been raped, exploited, under- or unpaid, physically abused,<ref name="the guardian1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/13/saudi-arabia-treatment-foreign-workers |date=13 January 2013 |title=Saudi Arabia's treatment of foreign workers under fire after beheading of Sri Lankan maid |last=Chamberlain |first=Gethin |work=The Guardian |access-date=14 January 2013}}</ref> overworked and locked in their places of employment. The international organisation [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) describes these conditions as "near-[[Islamic views on slavery|slavery]]" and attributes them to "deeply rooted gender, religious, and racial discrimination".<ref name="humanrightswatch1">{{cite web |publisher=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/07/13/bad-dreams/exploitation-and-abuse-migrant-workers-saudi-arabia |title='Bad Dreams:' Exploitation and Abuse of Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia |date=15 July 2004 |access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> In many cases the workers are unwilling to report their employers for fear of losing their jobs or further abuse.<ref name="humanrightswatch1" />

There were several cases of [[antisemitism in Saudi Arabia]] and it is common within the country's religious circles. The [[Media of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabian media]] often attacks Jews in books, in news articles, in its Mosques and with what some describe as [[antisemitic]] satire. Saudi Arabian government officials and state religious leaders often promote the idea that [[Antisemitic conspiracy theories|Jews are conspiring]] to take over the entire world; as proof of their claims they publish and frequently cite ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' as factual.<ref name=CMIP-KSA2001>[http://www.edume.org/reports/10/38.htm CMIP report: The Jews in World History according to the Saudi textbooks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928005805/http://www.edume.org/reports/10/38.htm |date=28 September 2007 }}. ''The Danger of World Jewry'', by Abdullah al-Tall, pp. 140–141 (Arabic). ''Hadith and Islamic Culture'', Grade 10, (2001) pp. 103–104.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/religion/pdfdocs/KSAtextbooks06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823125127/http://www.freedomhouse.org/religion/pdfdocs/KSAtextbooks06.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2006 |title=Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance | publisher=Center for Religious Freedom of Freedom House | year=2006}}</ref>