Editing Vegetarianism (section)

====Seventh-day Adventist====
[[File:San health food.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sanitarium Health Food Company|Sanitarium]] products for sale]]The [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] is well known for presenting a health message that recommends [[Christian vegetarianism|vegetarianism]] and expects adherence to the [[Kashrut|kosher]] laws in Leviticus 11. Obedience to these laws means abstinence from pork, shellfish, and other animals proscribed as "[[unclean animals|unclean]]". The church discourages its members from consuming [[alcoholic beverage]]s, [[tobacco]] or illegal drugs (compare [[Christianity and alcohol]]). In addition, some Adventists avoid [[coffee]], [[tea]], [[cola]], and other beverages containing [[caffeine]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The pioneers of the Adventist Church had much to do with the common acceptance of [[breakfast cereal]]s into the Western diet, and the "modern commercial concept of cereal food" originated among Adventists.<ref>{{cite web |title=breakfast cereal |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/78499/breakfast-cereal |website=Britannica.com |access-date=July 16, 2016 |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403134921/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/78499/breakfast-cereal |url-status=live }}<!-- need to replace this with a secondary (not tertiary) source, and remove the quotation--></ref> [[John Harvey Kellogg]] was one of the early founders of Adventist health work. His development of breakfast cereals as a health food led to the founding of [[Kellogg Company|Kellogg's]] by his brother [[William K. Kellogg|William]]. In both [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], the church-owned [[Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company]] is a leading manufacturer of health and vegetarian-related products, most prominently [[Weet-Bix]]. Kellogg encouraged his students [[Daniel H. Kress]] and [[Lauretta E. Kress]] to study medicine together at the [[University of Michigan Medical School]] and become public advocates of vegetarianism; together they published an important vegetarian cookbook and became early founders of what was later [[Washington Adventist Hospital]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kress |first1=Daniel |last2=Kress |first2=Loretta |title=Under the Guiding Hand: Life Experiences of the Doctors Kress |date=1932 |publisher=College Press |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>

Research funded by the U.S. [[National Institutes of Health]] has shown that the average Adventist in [[California]] lives 4 to 10 years longer than the average Californian. [[Adventist Health Studies|The research]], as cited by the cover story of the November 2005 issue of ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'', asserts that Adventists live longer because they do not smoke or drink alcohol, have a day of rest every week, and maintain a healthy, low-fat vegetarian diet that is rich in nuts and beans.<ref>{{cite magazine
| url = http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=anh&an=18574682
| last = Buettner
| first = Dan
| title = The Secrets of Long Life
| magazine = [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]
| date = November 16, 2005
| volume = 208
| issue = 5
| pages = 2–27
| issn = 0027-9358
| access-date = June 6, 2006
| archive-date = November 30, 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201130165751/http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=anh&an=18574682
| url-status = live
}} [http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0511/feature1/index.html Excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116202303/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0511/feature1/index.html |date=November 16, 2007 }}. See also ''National Geographic'', "[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0511/sights_n_sounds/index.html Sights & Sounds of Longevity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722215402/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0511/sights_n_sounds/index.html |date=July 22, 2016 }}"</ref> The cohesiveness of Adventists' social networks has also been put forward as an explanation for their extended lifespan.<ref>{{cite news
| first = Gina
| last = Kolata
| title = A Surprising Secret to a Long Life: Stay in School
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/03/health/03aging.html
| work = The New York Times
| date = January 3, 2007
| access-date = February 20, 2017
| archive-date = May 17, 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170517110147/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/03/health/03aging.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
Since [[Dan Buettner]]'s 2005 ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' story about Adventist longevity, his book, ''The Blue Zones: Lessons for Living Longer From the People Who've Lived the Longest'', named [[Loma Linda, California]], a "[[Blue Zone|blue zone]]" because of the large concentration of Seventh-day Adventists. He cites the Adventist emphasis on health, diet, and Sabbath-keeping as primary factors for Adventist longevity.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elizabeth Lechleitner|date=May 27, 2008 |title=Researcher says California Adventists are America's 'Blue Zone'|website=Adventist News Network |url=http://news.adventist.org/data/2008/1211899368/index.html.en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225110752/http://news.adventist.org/data/2008/1211899368/index.html.en |archive-date=February 25, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

An estimated 35% of Adventists practice vegetarianism or [[veganism]], according to a 2002 worldwide survey of local church leaders.<ref>"[http://www.adventist.org/world_church/official_meetings/2002annualcouncil/strategic-issues-report.pdf Three Strategic Issues: A World Survey]". [[General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists]], 2002. See question 26, on page 14 etc. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202185642/http://www.adventist.org/world_church/official_meetings/2002annualcouncil/strategic-issues-report.pdf |date=December 2, 2008 }}</ref><ref>See also "The Myth of Vegetarianism" Keith Lockhart. ''Spectrum'' 34 (Winter 2006), p22–27</ref> North American Adventist health study recruitments from 2001 to 2007 found a similar prevalence of vegetarianism/veganism. A small majority of Adventists, 54%, were conventional meat-eaters. Of the remaining 46% it was found that 28% were [[Ovo vegetarianism|Ovo]]/[[Lacto vegetarianism|Lacto]]-[[Lacto-ovo vegetarianism|vegetarians]], 10% were [[Pescetarianism|Pesco-vegetarians]] and 8% were vegans. It is common for Adventists who choose to eat meat to also eat plant-based foods; 6% of the "meat-eaters" group restricted their intake of meat/fish to no more than once per week.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adventist Health Study-2 {{!}} Adventist Health Study|url=https://adventisthealthstudy.org/studies/AHS-2|access-date=January 5, 2021|website=adventisthealthstudy.org|archive-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107145925/https://adventisthealthstudy.org/studies/AHS-2|url-status=live}}</ref>