Editing Uruguay (section)

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Uruguay}}
Uruguayan culture is strongly [[Culture of Europe|Europea]]n and its influences from southern Europe are particularly important.<ref name="britannica"/> The tradition of the [[gaucho]] has been an important element in the art and folklore of both Uruguay and Argentina.<ref name="britannica"/>

=== Visual arts ===
{{clear}}
[[File:2016 Edificio del Hospital Italiano Umberto I, ubicado en la Av. Italia, Br. Gral. Artigas y Jorge Canning en Montevideo (Uruguay).jpg|thumb|[[Italian Hospital of Montevideo]], neoclassical-style building by [[Luis Andreoni]]]]
[[File:Casapueblo.jpg|thumb|A "livable sculpture", [[Carlos Páez Vilaró]]'s [[Casapueblo]] was his home, hotel and museum.]]
Abstract painter and sculptor [[Carlos Páez Vilaró]] was a prominent Uruguayan artist. He drew from both [[Timbuktu]] and [[Mykonos]] to create his best-known work: his home, hotel and [[atelier]] [[Casapueblo]] near [[Punta del Este]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beccacece |first=Hugo |date=2024-09-16 |title=From the archive: inside the wonky home of artist Carlos Páez Vilaró |url=https://www.worldofinteriors.com/story/carlos-paez-vilaro-home-argentina |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=The World Of Interiors |language=en-GB}}</ref> The 19th-century painter [[Juan Manuel Blanes]], whose works depict historical events,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-03 |title=Datos biográficos |trans-title=Biographical data |url=https://blanes.montevideo.gub.uy/coleccion/juan-manuel-blanes/datos-biograficos |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Museo de Bellas Artes Juan Manuel Blanes |language=es}}</ref> was the first Uruguayan artist to gain widespread recognition. The [[Post-Impressionist]] painter [[Pedro Figari]] did pastel studies in Montevideo and the countryside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedro Figari |url=https://www.oas.org/artsoftheamericas/pedro-figari |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Arts of the Americas}}</ref> Most of the paintings were part of the abstract trend, not [[mural]]ism.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Martínez-Carazo |first1=Eva-María |title=The Abstraction, the Unknown Part of Uruguayan Contemporary Muralism |date=2021 |work=Cultural and Creative Mural Spaces |pages=69–81 |editor-last=Santamarina-Campos |editor-first=Virginia |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-53106-5_5 |access-date=2024-10-19 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-53106-5_5 |isbn=978-3-030-53105-8 |last2=Santamarina-Campos |first2=Virginia |last3=De-Miguel-Molina |first3=María |editor2-last=Martínez-Carazo |editor2-first=Eva-María |editor3-last=de Miguel Molina |editor3-first=María}}</ref>

Uruguay has many [[art museum]]s, most of which are in Montevideo, such as the [[Museo Torres García|Torres García Museum]] and the Gurvich Museum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moraiti |first=Laura |date=2020-07-13 |title=Visit Uruguay through the art of Torres-Garcia |url=https://www.lifeofcolourproducts.com/blogs/around-the-world/visit-uruguay-through-the-art-of-torres-garcia |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Life of Colour |language=en}}</ref> The Torres García Museum was dedicated in honor of the Uruguayan artist [[Joaquín Torres-García]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Museo Torres Garcia (Torres García Museum) in Montevideo, Uruguay |url=https://www.gpsmycity.com/attractions/museo-torres-garcia-(torres-garcia-museum)-33495.html |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=GPSmyCity |language=en}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Uruguay}}
[[File:Tango dancers in Montevideo.png|thumb|Tango dancers in Montevideo]]

{{listen
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|title = La cumparsita
|description = It is among the most famous and recognizable tangos of all time.
|format = [[Ogg]]
}}

[[File:Murgas (Vazquez, Marzo 2005 -2).jpg|thumb|[[Murga]] singers at the Carnival]]

<!-- From Encyclopedia Britannica. Rewrite? -->The folk and popular music of Uruguay shares its [[gaucho]] roots with [[Argentina]] and the [[tango (music)|tango]].<ref name="britannica"/> One of the most famous tangos, "[[La cumparsita]]" (1917), was written by the Uruguayan composer [[Gerardo Matos Rodríguez]].<ref name="britannica"/> The [[candombe]] is a folk dance performed at [[Carnival]], especially [[Uruguayan Carnival]], mainly by Uruguayans of African ancestry.<ref name="britannica"/> The guitar is the preferred musical instrument, and in a popular traditional contest called the ''payada'', two singers, each with a guitar, take turns improvising verses to the same tune.<ref name="britannica"/> Folk music is called [[Music of Uruguay#Canto popular|''canto popular'']] and includes some guitar players and singers such as [[Los Olimareños]], and [[Numa Moraes]].

There are numerous radio stations and musical events of rock music and the Caribbean genres.<ref name="britannica" /> Early classical music in Uruguay showed Spanish and Italian influence, but since the 20th century, a number of composers of classical music, including [[Eduardo Fabini]], [[Héctor Tosar]], and [[Eduardo Gilardoni]], have made use of Latin American musical idioms more.<ref name="britannica" /> There are two symphony orchestras in [[Montevideo]], OSSODRE and Filarmonica de Montevideo. Some of the well-known classical musicians are pianists [[Alberto Reyes|Albert]] [[Enrique Graf]]; guitarists [[Eduardo Fernández (guitarist)|Eduardo Fernandez]] and [[Marco Sartor]]; and singers [[Erwin Schrott]].<!-- From Encyclopedia Britannica. Rewrite? -->

[[Tango]] has especially affected Uruguayan culture during the 20th century, particularly the 1930s and 1940s with Uruguayan singers such as [[Julio Sosa]] from [[Las Piedras, Uruguay|Las Piedras]].<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hy8EQ1hEp3BVG-vnlwrClzXfpA7A |title=Argentina, Uruguay bury hatchet to snatch tango honor |last=Termine |first=Laura |date=30 September 2009 |access-date=2 April 2010 |location=Buenos Aires |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011083629/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hy8EQ1hEp3BVG-vnlwrClzXfpA7A |archive-date=11 October 2009}}</ref> When tango singer [[Carlos Gardel]] was 29 years old, he changed his nationality to be Uruguayan, saying he was born in [[Tacuarembó]].<ref>[[Carlos Gardel]] was born in France:<br />{{bull}}{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lifemusictimesof00coll |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifemusictimesof00coll/page/5 5] |title=The Life, Music, and Times of Carlos Gardel |first=Simon |last=Collier |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=1986 |isbn=0-8229-8498-9 }}<br />{{bull}}{{cite book |first1=Julián |last1=Barsky |first2=Osvaldo |last2=Barsky |title=Gardel: La biografía |publisher=Taurus |year=2004 |isbn=9870400132 |language=es}}<br />{{bull}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVfIus_mXzAC&pg=PA31 |page=31 |title=La sonrisa de Gardel: Biografía, mito y ficción |first=Jorge |last=Ruffinelli |author-link=Jorge Ruffinelli |publisher=Ediciones Trilce |year=2004 |isbn=9974323568 |language=es |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617125233/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVfIus_mXzAC&pg=PA31 |url-status=live }}<br />{{bull}}Bocaz, Luis (March 1986). [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000684/068421eo.pdf "Tango Time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824175539/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000684/068421eo.pdf |date=24 August 2018 }}, UNESCO ''Courier'', p. 11.</ref> Nevertheless, a Carlos Gardel museum was established in 1999 in [[Valle Edén]], near Tacuarembó.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.uruguay.com/uruguay_detail_675_carlos_gardel_museum.html |title=Carlos Gardel Museum |publisher=Uruguay.com |access-date=31 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131213114233/http://english.uruguay.com/uruguay_detail_675_carlos_gardel_museum.html |archive-date=13 December 2013}}</ref>

[[Rock and roll]] was first introduced into Uruguay with the arrival of [[the Beatles]] and other British bands in the early 1960s. A wave of bands appeared in Montevideo, including [[Los Shakers]], [[Los Iracundos]], [[Los Moonlights]], and [[Los Malditos]], of which all became major figures in the so-called [[Uruguayan Invasion]] of Argentina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open.salon.com/blog/jeanette_d/2009/10/03/are_you_ready_for_the_uruguayan_invasion |title=Are You Ready For the Uruguayan Invasion? |work=Salon |date=5 October 2009 |access-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011050622/http://open.salon.com/blog/jeanette_d/2009/10/03/are_you_ready_for_the_uruguayan_invasion |archive-date=11 October 2009}}</ref> Popular Uruguayan rock bands include [[La Vela Puerca]], [[El Cuarteto de Nos]], and [[Cursi]]. In 2004, the Uruguayan musician and actor [[Jorge Drexler]] won an Academy Award for composing the song "[[Al otro lado del río]]" from the movie ''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'', which narrated the life of [[Che Guevara]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prada |first=Paulo |date=2005-03-02 |title=A Tone-Deaf Oscar Snubbed the Best Song Winner |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-mar-02-oe-prada2-story.html |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Food ===
{{Main|Uruguayan cuisine}}
Uruguayan food culture comes mostly from the European cuisine culture. Most of the Uruguayan dishes are from Spain, France, Italy, and Brazil, the result of immigration caused by past wars in Europe. Daily meals vary between meats, pasta of all types, rice, sweet desserts and others, with meat being the principal dish due to Uruguay being one of the world's largest producers of meat in quality.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

Typical dishes include: "[[Asado]] uruguayo" (big grill or barbecue of all types of meat), roasted lamb, [[Chivito (sandwich)|Chivito]] (sandwich containing thin grilled beef, lettuce, tomatoes, fried egg, ham, olives and others, and served with French fries), [[Milanesa]] (a kind of fried breaded beef), tortellini, spaghetti, gnocchi, ravioli, rice and vegetables.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

One of the most consumed spreads in Uruguay is [[Dulce de leche]] (a caramel confection from Latin America prepared by slowly heating sugar and milk). The most typical sweet is [[Alfajor]], which is a small cake, filled with [[Dulce de leche]] and covered with chocolate or [[meringue]]. Other typical desserts include the [[Pastafrola]] (a type of cake filled with quince jelly) and [[Chajá]] (meringue, sponge cake, whipped cream and fruits, typically peaches and strawberries are added). [[Mate (drink)|Mate]], a [[Herbal tea|herbal drink]], is the most typical beverage in Uruguay.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Uruguayan literature}}<!-- From Encyclopedia Britannica. Rewrite? -->[[File:José Enrique Rodó.jpg|thumb|upright|José Enrique Rodó]]
[[José Enrique Rodó]] (1871–1917), a modernist, is considered Uruguay's most significant literary figure.<ref name="britannica"/> His book, ''Ariel'' (1900), deals with the need to maintain [[spirituality|spiritual]] values while pursuing material and technical progress.<ref name="britannica"/> It also stresses resisting cultural dominance by Europe and the United States.<ref name="britannica"/> Notable amongst Latin American playwrights is [[Florencio Sánchez]] (1875–1910), who wrote plays about contemporary social problems that are still performed today.<ref name="britannica"/>

From about the same period came the romantic poetry of [[Juan Zorrilla de San Martín]] (1855–1931), who wrote epic poems about [[History of Uruguay|Uruguayan history]]. Also notable are [[Juana de Ibarbourou]] (1895–1979), [[Delmira Agustini]] (1866–1914), [[Idea Vilariño]] (1920–2009), and the short stories of [[Horacio Quiroga]] and [[Juan José Morosoli]] (1899–1959).<ref name="britannica"/> The psychological stories of [[Juan Carlos Onetti]] (such as "No Man's Land" and "The Shipyard") have earned widespread critical praise, as have the writings of [[Mario Benedetti]].<ref name="britannica"/>

Uruguay's best-known contemporary writer is [[Eduardo Galeano]], author of ''Las venas abiertas de América Latina'' (1971; "[[Open Veins of Latin America]]") and the trilogy ''Memoria del fuego'' (1982–87; "Memory of Fire").<ref name="britannica"/> Other modern Uruguayan writers include [[Sylvia Lago]], [[Jorge Majfud]], and [[Jesús Moraes]].<ref name="britannica"/>
<!-- From Encyclopedia Britannica. Rewrite? -->

=== Media ===
The [[Reporters Without Borders]] worldwide press freedom index has ranked Uruguay as 19th of 180 reported countries in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking_table|title=2019 World Press Freedom Index|website=RSF|language=en|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424043201/https://rsf.org/en/ranking_table|url-status=live}}</ref> Freedom of speech and media are guaranteed by the constitution, with qualifications for inciting violence or "insulting the nation".<ref name="BBC-profile"/> Uruguay's freedom of the press was severely curtailed during the years of military dictatorship. On his first day in office in March 1985, Sanguinetti reestablished complete freedom of the press.<ref name="loc-80" /> Consequently, Montevideo's newspapers expanded their circulations.<ref name="loc-80">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/uruguay/80.htm|title=The Media – Uruguay|publisher=Library of Congress Country Studies|access-date=23 February 2011|archive-date=30 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430025454/http://countrystudies.us/uruguay/80.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Uruguayans have access to more than 100 private daily and weekly newspapers, more than 100 radio stations, and some 20 terrestrial television channels, and cable TV is widely available.<ref name="BBC-profile" />

State-run [[List of radio stations in Uruguay|radio]] and [[Television in Uruguay|TV]] are operated by the official broadcasting service [[SODRE]].<ref name="BBC-profile" /> Some newspapers are owned by, or linked to, the main political parties.<ref name="BBC-profile" /> ''[[El Día (Uruguay)|El Día]]'' was the nation's most prestigious paper until its demise in the early 1990s, founded in 1886 by the Colorado party leader and (later) president [[José Batlle y Ordóñez]]. {{Lang|es|[[El País (Uruguay)|El País]]}}, the paper of the rival Blanco Party, has the largest circulation.<ref name="britannica" /> ''[[Búsqueda]]'' serves as a forum for political and economic analysis.<ref name="loc-80" /> Although it sells only about 16,000 copies a week, its estimated readership exceeds 50,000.<ref name="loc-80" />

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Uruguay}}
[[File:Estadio centenario 2.JPG|thumb|[[Centenario Stadium]]]]
[[File:Uruguay fans Russia 2018.jpg|thumb|Uruguay supporters at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] in Russia]]
[[Soccer]] is the most popular sport in Uruguay. The first international match outside the [[British Isles]] was played between Uruguay and [[Argentina]] in Montevideo in July 1902.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/argurures.html|title=ARGENTINA-URUGUAY Matches 1902–2009|first=Héctor Darío|last=Pelayes|date=24 September 2010|access-date=27 April 2011|archive-date=5 January 2019|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105020111/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/argurures.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Soccer was introduced to Uruguay by English sailors and workers in the 19th century alongside [[Rugby union|rugby]] and [[cricket]].  Uruguay won gold at the [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Paris Olympic Games]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197020/overview.html |title=Paris, 1924 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615203810/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament%3D512/edition%3D197020/overview.html |archive-date=15 June 2010 }}</ref> and again in [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]] in Amsterdam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/overview.html |title=Amsterdam, 1928 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615204240/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament%3D512/edition%3D197029/overview.html |archive-date=15 June 2010 }}</ref> Its [[Uruguay national football team|national football team]] has won the [[FIFA World Cup]] on two occasions. Uruguay won the [[1930 FIFA World Cup|inaugural tournament]] on home soil in 1930 and again in 1950, [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|famously defeating]] home favorites [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] in the final match.<ref name="givefb" /> Uruguay has won the [[Copa América]] (an international tournament for South American nations and guests) 15 times, one less than Argentina, the last one in 2011. Uruguay has by far the smallest population of any country that has won a World Cup.<ref name="givefb">{{cite web |last=Shail |first=Mark |date=6 July 2010 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/world-cup/uruguay-10-fascinating-facts |title=Uruguay: 10 fascinating facts – The smallest country to win the World Cup have big ambitions again |website= Give Me Football |access-date=23 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427051641/http://www.givemefootball.com/world-cup/uruguay-10-fascinating-facts |archive-date=27 April 2011}}</ref> Despite their early success, they missed three World Cups in four attempts from 1994 to 2006.<ref name="givefb" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sissoko |first=Moussa |date=2024-03-22 |title=Fanvip |url=https://fanvip.space |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=fanvip.space |language=en}}</ref> Uruguay reached the semifinal for the first time in 40 years in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]]. [[Diego Forlán]] was presented with the [[Golden Ball (FIFA)|Golden Ball]] award as the best player of the 2010 tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8804708.stm|title=World Cup 2010: Diego Forlan collects Golden Ball award|date=11 July 2010|work=BBC Sport|access-date=23 February 2011|archive-date=4 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404190438/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8804708.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Uruguay exported 1,414 soccer players during the 2000s, almost as many players as Brazil and Argentina.<ref name="pl-exp">{{cite web |date=6 January 2011 |title=Uruguay "exported" 1.414 football players in the last decade |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/01/06/uruguay-exported-1.414-football-players-in-the-last-decade |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110170957/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/01/06/uruguay-exported-1.414-football-players-in-the-last-decade |archive-date=10 January 2011 |access-date=23 February 2011 |publisher=MercoPress}}</ref> In 2010, the Uruguayan government enacted measures intended to retain players in the country.<ref name="pl-exp" /> There are two Montevideo-based soccer clubs, [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] and [[Peñarol]]; they have won three Intercontinental Cups each. When the two clubs play each other, it is known as [[Uruguayan Clásico]].<ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2005 |title=Uruguay se parte en dos |trans-title=Uruguay divides into two |work=[[El País (Uruguay)|El País]]  |url=http://historico.elpais.com.uy/05/11/27/pdepor_187281.asp |access-date=11 October 2022 |language=es |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028233409/http://historico.elpais.com.uy/05/11/27/pdepor_187281.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In the rankings for June 2012, Uruguay was ranked the second best team in the world, according to the [[FIFA]] world rankings, their highest ever point in soccer history, falling short of the first spot to the [[Spain men's national football team|Spain national soccer team]].<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/worldranking/rankingtable/index.html?intcmp=fifacom_hp_module_ranking The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking – Ranking Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027044652/http://www.fifa.com/worldranking/rankingtable/index.html?intcmp=fifacom_hp_module_ranking|date=27 October 2014}}. FIFA.com. Retrieved on 25 June 2012.</ref>

Another popular sport is basketball.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.explore-uruguay.com/uruguay-sports.html#.WaO8SNFpzct |title= Top Uruguay Sports |date= 28 August 2017 |author= Explore Uruguay |access-date= 28 August 2017 |archive-date= 28 August 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170828144113/http://www.explore-uruguay.com/uruguay-sports.html#.WaO8SNFpzct |url-status= live| language=es}}</ref> Its [[Uruguay national basketball team|national team]] qualified for the [[Basketball World Cup]] seven times, more often than other countries in South America, except [[Brazil national basketball team|Brazil]] and [[Argentina national basketball team|Argentina]]. Uruguay hosted the official [[Basketball World Cup]] for the [[1967 FIBA World Championship]] and the official [[Americas Basketball Championship]] in 1988 and 1997, and is a host of the [[2017 FIBA AmeriCup]].