Editing Titanium (section)

===Medical===
{{Main|Titanium biocompatibility}}
Because titanium is [[biocompatibility|biocompatible]] (non-toxic and not rejected by the body), it has many medical uses, including surgical implements and implants, such as hip balls and sockets ([[joint replacement]]) and [[dental implant]]s that can stay in place for up to 20 years.<ref name="Emsley2001p452">{{harvnb|Emsley|2001|p=452}}</ref> The titanium is often alloyed with about 4% aluminium or 6% Al and 4% vanadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totaljoints.info/orthopaedic_metal_alloys.htm|title=Orthopaedic Metal Alloys|publisher=Totaljoints.info|access-date=27 September 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Titanium plaatje voor pols.jpg|thumb|Medical screws and plate used to repair wrist fractures. Scale is in centimeters.]]
Titanium has the inherent ability to [[osseointegration|osseointegrate]], enabling use in [[dental implants]] that can last for over 30 years. This property is also useful for [[internal fixator|orthopedic implant]] applications.<ref name="Emsley2001p452" /> These benefit from titanium's lower modulus of elasticity ([[Young's modulus]]) to more closely match that of the bone that such devices are intended to repair. As a result, skeletal loads are more evenly shared between bone and implant, leading to a lower incidence of bone degradation due to stress shielding and [[periprosthetic]] bone fractures, which occur at the boundaries of orthopedic implants. However, titanium alloys' stiffness is still more than twice that of bone, so adjacent bone bears a greatly reduced load and may deteriorate.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2010/09/titanium-foams-replace-injured-bones.jsp|title=Titanium foams replace injured bones|journal=Research News |date=1 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904045008/http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2010/09/titanium-foams-replace-injured-bones.jsp|access-date=27 September 2010|archive-date=4 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Lavine | first=Marc S. | editor-last=Vignieri | editor-first=Sacha | editor-last2=Smith | editor-first2=Jesse | title=Make no bones about titanium | journal=Science | volume=359 | issue=6372 | date=11 January 2018 | doi=10.1126/science.359.6372.173-f | pages=173.6–174| bibcode=2018Sci...359..173L | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Because titanium is non-[[ferromagnetic]], patients with titanium implants can be safely examined with [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (convenient for long-term implants). Preparing titanium for implantation in the body involves subjecting it to a high-temperature [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] arc which removes the surface atoms, exposing fresh titanium that is instantly oxidized.<ref name="Emsley2001p452" />

Modern advancements in additive manufacturing techniques have increased potential for titanium use in orthopedic implant applications.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Harun | first1=W.S.W. | last2=Manam | first2=N.S. | last3=Kamariah | first3=M.S.I.N. | last4=Sharif | first4=S. | last5=Zulkifly | first5=A.H. | last6=Ahmad | first6=I. | last7=Miura | first7=H. | title=A review of powdered additive manufacturing techniques for Ti-6al-4v biomedical applications | journal=Powder Technology |  volume=331 | year=2018 | doi=10.1016/j.powtec.2018.03.010 | pages=74–97| url=http://irep.iium.edu.my/64319/1/A%20review%20of%20powdered%20additive%20manufacturing%20techniques%20for%20Ti-6al-4v%20biomedical%20applications.pdf }}</ref> Complex implant scaffold designs can be 3D-printed using titanium alloys, which allows for more patient-specific applications and increased implant osseointegration.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Trevisan | first1=Francesco | last2=Calignano | first2=Flaviana | last3=Aversa | first3=Alberta | last4=Marchese | first4=Giulio | last5=Lombardi | first5=Mariangela | last6=Biamino | first6=Sara | last7=Ugues | first7=Daniele | last8=Manfredi | first8=Diego | year=2017 | title=Additive manufacturing of titanium alloys in the biomedical field: processes, properties and applications | journal=Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials | volume=16 | issue=2 |pmid=28967051 | doi=10.5301/jabfm.5000371 | pages=57–67| s2cid=27827821 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Titanium is used for the [[surgical instrument]]s used in [[image-guided surgery]], as well as wheelchairs, crutches, and any other products where high strength and low weight are desirable.<ref>{{Cite book |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-12-815820-3 |publisher=Elsevier Science |title=Real-World Use of Titanium |author1=Qian, Ma |author2=Niinomi, Mitsuo |pages=51, 128 }}</ref>

Titanium dioxide [[nanoparticle]]s are widely used in electronics and the delivery of [[pharmaceutical drug|pharmaceuticals]] and cosmetics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pinsino |first1=Annalisa |last2=Russo |first2=Roberta |last3=Bonaventura |first3=Rosa |last4=Brunelli |first4=Andrea |last5=Marcomini |first5=Antonio |last6=Matranga |first6=Valeria |date=28 September 2015 |title=Titanium dioxide nanoparticles stimulate sea urchin immune cell phagocytic activity involving TLR/p38 MAPK-mediated signalling pathway |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |doi=10.1038/srep14492 |pmc=4585977 |pmid=26412401 |page=14492 |bibcode=2015NatSR...514492P}}</ref>