Editing Startup company (section)

== Critiques of the start-up mode ==
According to Nikos Smyrnaios, Silicon Valley's start-ups are emblematic of the [[Fordism|post-Fordist]] enterprise,<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Smyrnaios |first=Nikos |date=2022-04-28 |title=La nouvelle bourgeoisie issue de la Silicon Valley |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lp.409.0031 |journal=La Pensée |volume=409 |issue=1 |pages=31–42 |doi=10.3917/lp.409.0031 |s2cid=248612428 |issn=0031-4773}}</ref> reflecting a move toward values of liberty, autonomy and authenticity, and away from the Fordist emphasis on solidarity, economic security and equality.

For some researchers, such as Antoine Gouritin, the start-up model, like many digital-related objects, is underpinned by a "solutionist" logic, as Evgeny Morozov describes it. ''Technological solutionism'' corresponds to the belief that thanks to digital tools such as those created by start-ups, simple and technical solutions can be found to all kinds of problems. Therefore, what is expected of start-ups is not that they address the root causes of problems, but that they find effective technical solutions quickly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gouritin |first=Antoine |date=2020 |title=Légitimité de la critique et critique de la légitimité entrepreneuriale |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sava.051.0033 |journal=Savoir/Agir |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.3917/sava.051.0033 |s2cid=219024846 |issn=1958-7856}}</ref>

The organizational model of start-ups is also questioned by former employees. For example, Mathilde Ramadier, a former start-up employee, brings the debate to the fore in France with her book ''Bienvenue dans le nouveau monde. Comment j'ai survécu à la coolitude des start-ups'' [''Welcome to the new world. How I survived start-up coolness''] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maugeri |first=Salvatore |date=2017-10-31 |title=Mathilde Ramadier, Bienvenue dans le nouveau monde. Comment j'ai survécu à la coolitude des startups, Premier Parallèle, 2017; Patrick Rozenblatt, Razzia sur le travail. Critique de l'invalorisation du travail au 21e |journal=La Nouvelle Revue du Travail |issue=11 |doi=10.4000/nrt.3390 |issn=2495-7593|doi-access=free }}</ref> Since then, awareness{{clarify|date=April 2023|reason=Awareness of what??}} has been growing.<ref>{{Citation |title=Pour en savoir plus – bibliographie sélective |date=2018-08-22 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvq4bxrv.14 |work=Le défi de changer les choses |pages=503–506 |access-date=2023-04-20 |publisher=Presses de l'Université du Québec|doi=10.2307/j.ctvq4bxrv.14 |s2cid=240330338 }}</ref> The non-hierarchical organization of start-ups means that all employees bear equal responsibility for their running smoothly. They are based on voluntary commitment and internalized behavioral norms rather than formal hierarchical constraints.<ref name=":6" /> Employees, encouraged to meet targets, often exceed overtime limits. Professional and personal life often blend in this highly connected environment. Employees are expected, without discussion, to give of themselves without counting the cost, to be always reachable and available, without asking for compensation commensurate with their professional commitment (in terms of time and activities), and to place the general interest of the organization before their personal interest. Finally, the employment contracts of start-up employees are often precarious since the company itself is not completely stable.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abou El Khair |first=Catherine |date=September 15, 2016 |title=Le côté obscur des start-up |work=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/emploi/article/2016/09/15/le-cote-obscur-des-start-up_4998105_1698637.html |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420221021/https://www.lemonde.fr/emploi/article/2016/09/15/le-cote-obscur-des-start-up_4998105_1698637.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Economist Scott A. Shane has used data on start-ups published in many countries to draw conclusions in terms of public policy. He is critical of public policy that encourages start-ups, pointing to evidence that these policies lead people to create marginal businesses that are more likely to fail, have little economic impact, and generate a very limited number of jobs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shane |first=Scott |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/153598345 |title=The illusions of entrepreneurship : the costly myths that entrepreneurs, investors, and policy makers live by |date=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-11331-0 |location=New Haven |oclc=153598345 |access-date=2023-04-20 |archive-date=2010-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127202212/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/153598345 |url-status=live }}</ref>