Editing Second Intifada (section)

===Palestinians===
Militant groups involved in violence include [[Hamas]], [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement|Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP) and the [[al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]]. The most lethal Palestinian tactic was the [[Suicide attack|suicide bombing]] (''see [[List of Palestinian militant groups suicide attacks|List]]''). Conducted as a single or double bombing, suicide bombings were generally conducted against "soft" targets, or "lightly hardened" targets (such as checkpoints) to try to raise the cost of the war to Israelis and demoralize the Israeli society. Most suicide bombing attacks (although not all) targeted civilians, and were conducted in crowded places in Israeli cities, such as public transport, restaurants, shopping malls and markets.

One major development was the use of [[Child suicide bombers in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|suicide bombs carried by children]]. Unlike most suicide bombings, the use of these not only earned condemnation from the United States and from human rights groups such as [[Amnesty International]], but also from many Palestinians and much of the Middle East press. The youngest Palestinian [[Child suicide bombers in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|suicide bomber]] was 16-year-old Issa Bdeir, a high school student from the village of Al Doha, who shocked his friends and family when he blew himself up in a park in [[Rishon LeZion]], killing a teenage boy and an elderly man. The youngest attempted suicide bombing was by a 14-year-old captured by soldiers at the [[Huwwara Checkpoint|Huwwara checkpoint]] before managing to do any harm.

Militant groups also waged a high-intensity campaign of [[guerrilla warfare]] against Israeli military and civilian targets inside Israel and in the Palestinian Territories, utilizing tactics such as [[ambush]]es, [[sniper|sniper attacks]], and [[suicide bombing]]s. Military equipment was mostly imported, while some light arms, hand grenades and [[explosive belt]]s, [[assault rifle]]s, and [[Qassam rocket]]s were indigenously produced. They also increased use of remote-controlled [[land mine|landmines]] against Israeli armor, a tactic that was highly popular among the poorly armed groups. [[Car bomb]]s were often used against "lightly hardened" targets such as Israeli armored jeeps and checkpoints. Also, more than 1,500 Palestinian [[drive-by shooting]]s killed 75 people in only the first year of the Intifada.<ref name="Luft">{{cite journal |author=Luft |first=Gal |date=July–August 2002 |title=The Palestinian H-Bomb: Terror's Winning Strategy |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/58028/gal-luft/the-palestinian-h-bomb-terrors-winning-strategy |url-status=live |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=81 |pages=2–7 |doi=10.2307/20033234 |jstor=20033234 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028183847/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/58028/gal-luft/the-palestinian-h-bomb-terrors-winning-strategy |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=28 September 2014 |number=4}}</ref>

In May 2004, Israel Defense minister [[Shaul Mofaz]] claimed that [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]]'s ambulances were used to take the bodies of dead Israeli soldiers in order to prevent the [[Israel Defense Forces]] from recovering their dead.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 2004 |publisher=[[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]] at the [[Center for Special Studies]] (C.S.S) |title=Terrorist organizations exploit UNRWA vehicles: during the Israeli army operation in the Zeitun quarter of Gaza, UNWRA vehicles were used to smuggle armed terrorists out of the area and in all probability remains of Israeli soldiers as well |url=http://www.intelligence.org.il/eng/sib/5_04/unrwa.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603110926/http://www.intelligence.org.il/eng/sib/5_04/unrwa.htm |archive-date=3 June 2004}}</ref> Reuters has provided video of healthy armed men entering ambulance with UN markings for transport. [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East|UNRWA]] initially denied that its ambulances carry militants but later reported that the driver was forced to comply with threats from armed men. UNRWA still denies that their ambulances carried body parts of dead Israeli soldiers.

In August 2004, Israel said that an advanced explosives-detection device employed by the IDF at the Hawara checkpoint near Nablus discovered a Palestinian ambulance had transported explosive material.

Some of the Palestinian reaction to Israeli policy in the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]] has consisted of non-violent protest,<ref>{{cite news |author=Snitz |first=Kobi |date=15 December 2004 |title=We are all Ahmed Awwad: Lessons in Popular Resistance |publisher=[[Znet]] |url=http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=6874 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050418102307/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=6874 |archive-date=18 April 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Palestinian Nonviolent Resistance to Occupation Since 1967 |work=Faces of Hope |date=Fall 2005 |publisher=American Friends Service Committee |url=http://www.afsc.org/israel-palestine/documents/PalestinianNonviolentResistancetooccupaltion.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107200955/http://www.afsc.org/israel-palestine/documents/PalestinianNonviolentResistancetooccupaltion.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://qumsiyeh.org/palestiniannonviolentresistance/ |title=Palestinian non-violent resistance |publisher=Mazin Qumsiyeh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040827021730/http://qumsiyeh.org/palestiniannonviolentresistance/ |archive-date=27 August 2004}}</ref> primarily in and near the village of [[Bil'in]]. Groups such as the Palestinian Centre for Rapprochement, which works out of Beit Sahour, formally encourage and organize non-violent resistance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Maxine |url=http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/v20n4p22.htm |title=Peace Magazine v20n4p22: A Glimpse of Palestinian Nonviolence |work=[[Peace Magazine]] |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207034922/http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/v20n4p22.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Other groups, such as the [[International Solidarity Movement]] openly advocate non-violent resistance. Some of these activities are done in cooperation with internationals and Israelis, such as the weekly protests against the [[Israeli West Bank Barrier]] carried out in villages like Bi'lin,<ref>{{cite news |last=Elmer |first=Jon |url=http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/2248 |title=Protest, Grief as Barrier Segregates Palestinian Village from Farms |publisher=[[The NewStandard]] |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805030532/http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/2248 |archive-date=5 August 2011 }}</ref> Biddu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ramallahonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1902 |title=News From Within-> Home Numbers |date=13 June 2001 |access-date=14 September 2014 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930202206/http://www.ramallahonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1902 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Budrus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=7463 |publisher=[[ZNet]] |title=Budrus has a hammer |date=17 March 2005 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050418120156/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=7463 |archive-date=18 April 2005}}</ref> This model of resistance has spread to other villages like Beit Sira,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palestinemonitor.org/nueva_web/updates_news/updates/beit_sira_experience.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527050519/http://www.palestinemonitor.org/nueva_web/updates_news/updates/beit_sira_experience.htm|archive-date=27 May 2006 |title=Palestinian non-violent resistance continues: the experience of Beit Sira |publisher=[[Palestine Monitor]] |date=21 February 2006}}</ref> Hebron, Saffa, and Ni'lein.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jumá |first=Jamal |author-link=Jamal Jumá |date=26 March 2005 |title=The great divide |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/03/26/stories/2005032602051000.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606202955/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/03/26/stories/2005032602051000.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Jamal Jumá |date=7–13 April 2005 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/737/re2.htm |newspaper=[[Al-Ahram]] |title=Palestine is not for sale! |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125223406/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/737/re2.htm |archive-date=25 January 2012 |author-link=Jamal Jumá }}</ref> During the Israeli re-invasion of Jenin and Nablus, "A Call for a Non-violent Resistance Strategy in Palestine" was issued by two Palestinian Christians in May 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncccusa.org/news/02news49.html |title=Palestinian Christians Call for Non-Violent Resistance |publisher=[[National Council of Churches]] |date=10 May 2002 |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926225228/http://www.ncccusa.org/news/02news49.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Non-violent tactics have sometimes been met with Israeli military force. For example, Amnesty International notes that "10-year-old Naji Abu Qamer, 11-year-old Mubarak Salim al-Hashash and 13-year-old Mahmoud Tariq Mansour were among eight unarmed demonstrators killed in the early afternoon of May 19, 2004 in Rafah, in the Gaza Strip, when the Israeli army open fire on a non-violent demonstration with tank shells and a missile launched from a helicopter gunship. Dozens of other unarmed demonstrators were wounded in the attack." According to Israeli army and government officials, the tanks shelled a nearby empty building and a helicopter fired a missile in a nearby open space in order to deter the demonstrators from proceeding towards Israeli army positions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde02/002/2004/en/ |title=Israel and the Occupied Territories and the Palestinian Authority: Act Now to Stop the Killing of Children! |publisher=Amnesty International |date=20 November 2004 |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122054932/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde02/002/2004/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>