Editing Russia (section)

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Russia}}
[[File:2019 Foto de família dos Líderes do G20.jpg|thumb|Putin with G20 counterparts in [[Osaka]], 2019]]
Russia has the world's [[List of countries by number of diplomatic missions|sixth-largest diplomatic network]] {{as of|2024|lc=y}}. It maintains diplomatic relations with 187 [[member states of the United Nations|United Nations member states]], two [[List of states with limited recognition|partially-recognised state]]s,<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Peter N.|title=Russia's Tightening Abkhazian Stranglehold Threatens Western and Georgian Interests|date=15 January 2024|work=[[Harvard International Review]]|publisher=[[Harvard International Relations Council]]|access-date=1 March 2025|url=https://hir.harvard.edu/washington-must-not-idle-as-russia-tightens-its-abkhazian-stranglehold/}}</ref> and two [[Member states of the United Nations#Observers and non-members|United Nations observer states]], along with [[Russian embassies|143 embassies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/|title=
Lowy Institute Global Diplomacy Index 2024|publisher=[[Lowy Institute]]|access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref> Russia is one of the [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|five permanent members]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. It is generally described as a [[great power]],<ref name="gambit">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Bunde |editor1-first=Tobias |editor2-last=Eisentraut |editor2-first=Sophie |editor3-last=Schütte |editor3-first=Leonard |last=Jintro |first=Pauly |title=Russia: The Czar's Gambit |journal=Munich Security Report 2025: Multipolarization |publisher=[[Munich Security Conference]] |date=February 2025 |pages=79–85 |doi=10.47342/EZUC8623-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Sweijs | first1=T. | last2=De Spiegeleire | first2=S. | last3=de Jong | first3=S. | last4=Oosterveld | first4=W. | last5=Roos | first5=H. | last6=Bekkers | first6=F. | last7=Usanov | first7=A. | last8=de Rave | first8=R. | last9=Jans | first9=K. | title=Volatility and friction in the age of disintermediation | publisher=The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies | page=43 |year=2017 | isbn=978-94-92102-46-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EonDwAAQBAJ | quote=We qualify the following states as great powers: China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States.}}</ref><ref name="l454">{{cite journal | last=Ellman | first=Michael | title=Russia as a great power: from 1815 to the present day. Part II | journal=Journal of Institutional Economics | volume=19 | issue=2 | date=2023 | issn=1744-1374 | doi=10.1017/S1744137422000388 | pages=159–174| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Neumann|first=Iver B|number=11|title=Russia as a Great Power, 1815–2007|date=20 May 2008|journal=Journal of International Relations and Development|volume=11|pages=128–151|doi=10.1057/jird.2008.7|s2cid=143792013|doi-access=free}}</ref> though it has been questioned whether it can retain this status.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Brian D. |title=Russian Politics: A Very Short Introduction |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-751602-7 |chapter=Power, status, and greatness |pages=21–40 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780197516027.003.0002 |quote=Although the lines sometimes can be blurry, there are only three countries in the world that international relations experts typically classify as having been a great power for the past 300 years: Britain, France, and Russia... Russia's geographic size, nuclear weapons, and permanent UN Security Council seat guarantee its continuing great power status... Yet the greater economic power of the United States, the European Union, and China, as well as rising countries... meant that Russia's future standing in the world remained in doubt even before the Russo-Ukraine War.}}</ref><ref name="f495">{{cite journal | last=Šćepanović | first=Janko | title=Still a great power? Russia's status dilemmas post-Ukraine war | journal=Journal of Contemporary European Studies | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=32 | issue=1 | date=22 March 2023 | issn=1478-2804 | doi=10.1080/14782804.2023.2193878 | pages=80–95 |quote=Drezner, as well as others like Dan Depetris, agrees that, on principle, Russia can still be counted among the great powers... At the same time, scholars rightly wonder what rank within the great power club Russia belongs to...}}</ref> Russia is also a former [[superpower]] as the leading constituent of the former Soviet Union.<ref name="Reiman-2016"/> and the legal successor to Soviet foreign policies.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=429–486|loc=Chapter 8. Foreign Relations}} It is a member of the [[G20]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], and the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]]—and the leading member of organisations such as the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fish |first1=M. Steven |author1-link=Steven Fish |last2=Samarin |first2=Melissa |last3=Way |first3=Lucan Ahmad |title=Russia and the CIS in 2016 |year=2017 |jstor=26367728 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |volume=57 |number=1 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |pages=93–102|doi=10.1525/as.2017.57.1.93 }}</ref> the [[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sadri |first=Houman A. |title=Eurasian Economic Union (Eeu): a good idea or a Russian takeover? |jstor=43580687 |pages=553–561 |volume=81 |number=4 |year=2014 |journal=Rivista di studi politici internazionali |publisher=Maria Grazia Melchionni}}</ref> the [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation|CSTO]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/01/06/what-is-the-collective-security-treaty-organisation |title=What is the Collective Security Treaty Organisation? |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=6 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412224018/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/01/06/what-is-the-collective-security-treaty-organisation |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/russias-pivot-to-asia-and-the-sco/ |last=Tiezzi |first=Shannon |title=Russia's 'Pivot to Asia' and the SCO |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=21 July 2015 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704104451/https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/russias-pivot-to-asia-and-the-sco/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[BRICS]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Cynthia |title=Russia's BRICs Diplomacy: Rising Outsider with Dreams of an Insider |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=42 |number=1 |pages=38–73 |jstor=40587582 |journal=Polity |date=January 2010|doi=10.1057/pol.2009.18 |s2cid=54682547 }}</ref> Russia was also a member of the [[G8]] (now the [[G7]]) and part of the [[Russia in the Council of Europe|Council of Europe]] before its expulsion from the two groups in 2014 and 2022, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/index.html |title=U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8 |work=[[CNN]] |date=24 March 2014 |last=Acosta |first=Jim |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[DW News]] |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |title=Russia leaves the Council of Europe |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russia-formally-departs-council-of-europe/a-61136962}}</ref>

Russia maintains close relations [[Belarus–Russia relations|with neighbouring Belarus]], which is a part of the [[Union State]], a supranational confederation of the two states.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Semi-Sovereign State: Belarus and the Russian Neo-Empire |jstor=24907272 |journal=[[Foreign Policy Analysis (journal)|Foreign Policy Analysis]] |first=Kathleen J. |last=Hancock |volume=2 |number=2 |date=April 2006 |pages=117–136 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1111/j.1743-8594.2006.00023.x |s2cid=153926665}}</ref> [[Serbia]] has been a [[Russia–Serbia relations|historically close ally]] of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1994 |jstor=40202977 |title=Russia and the Balkans: Pan-Slavism, Partnership and Power  |journal=[[Canadian International Council|International Journal]] |first=Lenard J. |last=Cohen |volume=49 |number=4 |pages=814–845 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |doi=10.2307/40202977}}</ref> From the 21st century, relations between Russia and China have significantly [[China–Russia relations|strengthened bilaterally and economically]] due to shared political interests.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bolt |first=Paul J. |title=Sino-Russian Relations in a Changing World Order |year=2014 |volume=8 |number=4 |jstor=26270816 |pages=47–69 |publisher=[[Air University Press]] |journal=[[Strategic Studies Quarterly]]}}</ref> [[India]] is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong [[India–Russia relations|strategic and diplomatic relationship]] since the Soviet era.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/08/russia-india-relations/ |title=Why India and Russia Are Going to Stay Friends |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |first=Emily |last=Tamkin |date=8 July 2020 |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112225311/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/08/russia-india-relations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Russia wields great political influence across the [[geopolitics|geopolitically]] important [[South Caucasus]] and Central Asia, and the two regions have been described as being part of Russia's "backyard"<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nation |first=R Craig. |title=Russia and the Caucasus |journal=Connections |year=2015 |volume=14 |number=2 |pages=1–12 |jstor=26326394 |publisher=[[Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes]] |doi=10.11610/Connections.14.2.01|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Swanström |first=Niklas |title=Central Asia and Russian Relations: Breaking Out of the Russian Orbit? |journal=[[Brown Journal of World Affairs]] |volume=19 |number=1 |year=2012 |pages=101–113 |jstor=24590931|quote=The Central Asian states have been dependent on Russia since they gained independence in 1991, not just in economic and energy terms, but also militarily and politically.}}</ref> or "near abroad".{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=429–486|loc=Chapter 8. Foreign Relations}}<ref name="Kolstø">{{cite journal |last1=Kolstø |first1=Pål |title=Beyond Russia, becoming local: Trajectories of adaption to the fall of the Soviet Union among ethnic Russians in the former Soviet Republics |journal=Journal of Eurasian Studies |date=1 July 2011 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=153–163 |doi=10.1016/j.euras.2011.03.006 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879366511000133 |issn=1879-3665 |quote=This is indeed true, Russia does insist that the country has a right and a duty to pose as the protector of all Russians in the so-called 'near abroad'.}}</ref>
[[File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg|thumb|right|{{legend2|#3F48CC}} Russia<br /> {{legend2|#AA0000}} Countries on Russia's "[[Unfriendly countries list]]". The list includes countries that have imposed [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|sanctions against Russia]] for its invasion of Ukraine.]]

Russia shares a complex [[Russia–Turkey relations|strategic, energy, and defence relationship]] with [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Baev |first=Pavel |work=Russie.Nei.Reports |publisher=[[Institut français des relations internationales|Ifri]] |url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/baev_turkey_russia_2021.pdf |title=Russia and Turkey: Strategic Partners and Rivals |date=May 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |number=35 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027233151/https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/baev_turkey_russia_2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It maintains [[Iran–Russia relations|cordial relations]] with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tarock |first=Adam |title=Iran and Russia in 'Strategic Alliance' |volume=18 |number=2 |date=June 1997 |pages= 207–223 |journal=[[Third World Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |doi=10.1080/01436599714911 |jstor=3993220|s2cid=153838744 }}</ref> Russia has also significantly developed its [[North Korea–Russia relations|relations with North Korea]] following its invasion of Ukraine in 2022, with increased defence co-operation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Howell |first=Dr Edward |title=North Korea and Russia's dangerous partnership |journal=[[Chatham House]] |location=Westminister, London |date=4 December 2024 |access-date=12 March 2025 |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-12/2024-12-04-north-korea-russia-dangerous-partnership-howell.pdf |isbn=978-1-78413-632-1 |doi=10.55317/9781784136321}}</ref> At the same time, its relations with [[Russia–Ukraine relations|neighbouring Ukraine]] and the Western world—specifically the [[Russia–United States relations|United States]] and the collective countries of the [[Russia–European Union relations|European Union]] and [[NATO–Russia relations|NATO]]—have collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/ukraine-breaks-diplomatic-ties-with-russia|title=Ukraine cuts diplomatic ties with Russia after invasion|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=24 February 2022|access-date=7 October 2022|quote=Ukraine has cut all diplomatic ties with Russia after President Vladimir Putin authorised an all-out invasion of Ukraine by land, air and sea.|archive-date=5 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305163901/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/ukraine-breaks-diplomatic-ties-with-russia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kanerva |first=Ilkka |title=Russia and the West |jstor=48573515 |number=12 |pages=112–119 |year=2018 |publisher=Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development |journal=Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development}}</ref>

In the 21st century, Russia has pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at securing [[regional power|regional dominance]] in Europe and increasing its international influence, as well as increasing domestic support for the government. It has initiated military interventions in the [[post-Soviet states]] of Georgia and Ukraine, as well as in [[Syria]] during its [[Syrian civil war|prolonged civil war]] in a bid to increase its influence in the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite report |last=Cerulli |first=Rossella |title=Russian Influence in the Middle East: Economics, Energy, and Soft Power |jstor=resrep19825 |date=1 September 2019 |pages=1–21 |publisher=American Security Project}}</ref> Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the [[Arctic]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/03/russia-in-the-arctica-critical-examination?lang=en |title=Russia in the Arctic – A Critical Examination |last1=Rumer |first1=Eugene |last2=Sokolsky |first2=Richard |last3=Stronski |first3=Paul |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411145458/https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/03/29/russia-in-arctic-critical-examination-pub-84181 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Asia–Pacific]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Hunt |first=Luke |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/russia-tries-to-boost-asia-ties-to-counter-indo-pacific-alliances/6272006.html |title=Russia Tries to Boost Asia Ties to Counter Indo-Pacific Alliances |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=15 October 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> [[Africa]]<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2020 |title=Russia in Africa: What's behind Moscow's push into the continent? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45035889 |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=[[BBC]] |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413235807/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45035889 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Latin America]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shuya |first=Mason |title=Russian Influence in Latin America: a Response to NATO |jstor=26696258 |volume=12 |number=2 |year=2019 |pages=17–41 |journal=[[Journal of Strategic Security]] |publisher=[[University of South Florida]] |doi=10.5038/1944-0472.12.2.1727|s2cid=199756261 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Two-thirds of the world's population, specifically the [[developing country|developing countries]] of the [[Global South]], are either neutral or leaning towards Russia politically.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Stengel |first1=Richard |title=Putin May Be Winning the Information War Outside of the U.S. and Europe |url=https://time.com/6179221/putin-information-war-column/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=20 May 2022 |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818141722/https://time.com/6179221/putin-information-war-column/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russia can count on support from many developing countries |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/russia-can-count-on-support-from-many-developing-countries/ |website=eiu.com |date=30 March 2022 |publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref> Russia has also continued using subversive tactics to increase perceptions of its geopolitical power in its rival countries,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Feinstein |first1=Scott G. |last2=Pirro |first2=Ellen B. |title=Testing the world order: strategic realism in Russian foreign affairs |journal=International Politics |date=22 February 2021 |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=817–834 |doi=10.1057/s41311-021-00285-5 |s2cid=231985182 |doi-access=free |pmc=7898250 }}</ref><ref name="gambit"/> including [[Cyberwarfare by Russia|cyberwarfare]], [[Russian disinformation|disinformation campaigns]],<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Cyber Defense Review |last1=Mahairas |first1=Aristedes |last2=Dvilyanski |first2=Mikhail |title=Disinformation – Дезинформация (Dezinformatsiya) |year=2018 |volume=3 |number=3 |pages=21–28 |jstor=26554993}}</ref> [[sabotage]] attacks,<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Seth G. |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/russias-shadow-war-against-west |title=Russia's Shadow War Against the West |publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS) |date=18 March 2025 |access-date=30 March 2025 |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> [[List of Russian assassinations|assassination attempts]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/germany-russia-threats-report-rheinmetall-plot-2cee42e9f9f6940eb960b0b052e3e670 |title=Russian assassination plots against those supporting Ukraine uncovered in Europe, official says |last1=Madhani |first1=Aamer |last2=Moulson |first2=Geir |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |date=13 July 2024 |access-date=30 March 2025 }}</ref> [[Violations of non-combatant airspaces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|airspace violations]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Morse |first=Jasper Hufschmidt |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/russias-catch-me-if-you-can-over-the-baltic-sea/ |title=Russia's "Catch Me If You Can" over the Baltic Sea |publisher=[[Australian Institute of International Affairs]] (AIIA) |date=26 April 2024 |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> electoral interferences,<ref>{{cite web |last=Popescu-Zamfir |first=Oana |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/europe/strategic-europe/2025/02/russian-interference-coming-soon-to-an-election-near-you?lang=en |title=Russian Interference: Coming Soon to an Election Near You |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] (CEIP) |date=13 February 2025 |access-date=30 March 2025 |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> and nuclear saber-rattling.<ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Heather |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/why-russia-keeps-rattling-nuclear-saber |title=Why Russia Keeps Rattling the Nuclear Saber |publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS) |date=20 May 2024 |access-date=30 March 2025 |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>