Editing Rice (section)

=== Flood-tolerance ===

{{Main|Deepwater rice}}

[[File:Researchers checking deep water rice.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|International Rice Research Institute researchers checking [[deepwater rice]] in the Philippines ]]

In areas subject to [[flooding]], farmers have long planted flood tolerant varieties known as [[deepwater rice]]. In South and [[South East Asia]], flooding affects some {{convert|20|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=off}} each year.<ref name="Debrata-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Debrata |first1=Panda |last2=Sarkar |first2=Ramani Kumar |year=2012 |title=Role of Non-Structural Carbohydrate and its Catabolism Associated with Sub 1 QTL in Rice Subjected to Complete Submergence |journal=Experimental Agriculture |volume=48 |issue=4|pages=502–512 |doi=10.1017/S0014479712000397 |s2cid=86192842 }}</ref> 
Flooding has historically led to massive losses in yields, such as in the Philippines, where in 2006, rice crops worth $65&nbsp;million were lost to flooding.<ref name="IRRI-2012">"{{cite web |url=http://irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=9148&lang=en |title=Climate change-ready rice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028234824/http://irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=9148&lang=en |archive-date=October 28, 2012 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |access-date=October 31, 2013 }}</ref>

Standard rice varieties cannot withstand stagnant flooding for more than about a week, since it disallows the plant access to necessary requirements such as sunlight and gas exchange. The Swarna Sub1 cultivar can tolerate week-long submergence, consuming carbohydrates efficiently and continuing to grow.<ref name="Debrata-2012"/> So-called "[[Scuba diving|scuba]] rice"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gautam |first1=Priyanka |display-authors=etal |title=Nutrient Management for Enhancing Submergence Tolerance in Rice |url=https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8940/1/Research%20Bulletin-13.pdf |publisher=National Rice Research Institute |location=Cuttack, Odisha, India |page=3 |date=2017 |quote=NRRI Research Bulletin No. 13 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603200729/https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8940/1/Research%20Bulletin-13.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> with the Sub1A [[transgene]] is robustly tolerant of submergence for as long as two weeks, offering much improved flood survival for farmers' crops. IRRI has created Sub1A varieties and distributed them to Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, and the Philippines.<ref name="Emerick Ronald 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Emerick |first1=Kyle |last2=Ronald |first2=Pamela C. |title=Sub1 Rice: Engineering Rice for Climate Change |journal=[[Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology]] |volume=11 |issue=12 |date=2019 |pmid=31182543 |pmc=6886445 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a034637 |page=a034637}}</ref>