Editing Reduplication (section)

====Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian)====
In the Malay language, reduplication is a semi-productive process. It is used for expression of various grammatical functions (such as verbal aspect) and it is part in a number of complex morphological models. Simple reduplication of nouns and pronouns can express at least three meanings:

#Diversity or non-exhaustive plurality:
##''Burung-burung itu juga diekspor ke luar negeri'' = "All those birds are also exported out of the country".
#Conceptual similarity:
##''langit-langit'' = "ceiling; palate; etc." (''langit'' = "sky")
##''jari-jari'' = "spoke; bar; radius; etc." (''jari'' = "finger" etc.)
#Pragmatic accentuation:
##''Saya bukan anak-anak lagi!'' "I am not a child anymore!" (''anak'' = "child")

Reduplication of an adjective can express different things:
*Adverbialisation: ''Jangan bicara keras-keras!'' = "Don't speak loudly!" (''keras'' = hard)
*Plurality of the corresponding noun: ''Rumah di sini besar-besar'' = "The houses here are big" (''besar'' = "big").

Reduplication of a verb can express various things:
*Simple reduplication:
**Pragmatic accentuation: ''Kenapa orang tidak datang-datang?'' = "Why aren't people coming?"
*Reduplication with ''me-'' prefixation, depending on the position of the prefix ''me-'':
**Repetition or continuation of the action: ''Orang itu memukul-mukul anaknya'': "That man continuously beat his child";
**Reciprocity: ''Kedua-dua orang itu pukul-memukul'' = "Those two men would beat each other".
Notice that in the first case, the nasalisation of the initial consonant (whereby /p/ becomes /m/) is repeated, while in the second case, it only applies in the repeated word.