Editing Pythagoras (section)

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=

{{efn
|name=spelling
|{{IPAc-en|p|aɪ|ˈ|θ|æ|ɡ|ər|ə|s}} {{respell|py|THAG|ər|əs}},<ref name="Collins"/> {{IPAc-en|also|US|p|ɪ|ˈ|θ|æ|ɡ|ər|ə|s}} {{respell|pih|-}}.<ref name="Collins2"/> {{langx|grc|Πυθαγόρας ὁ Σάμιος|Pythagóras ho Sámios|Pythagoras the [[Samos|Samian]]}}, or {{lang|grc|Πυθαγόρης}}, ''Pythagórēs'' in [[Ionian Greek]].
}}

{{efn
|name=date
|"The dates of his life cannot be fixed exactly, but assuming the approximate correctness of the statement of Aristoxenus {{harv|Porphyry, Vit. Pyth|loc=§9}} that he left Samos to escape the tyranny of Polycrates at the age of forty, we may put his birth round about 570 BC, or a few years earlier. The length of his life was variously estimated in antiquity, but it is agreed that he lived to a fairly ripe old age, and most probably he died at about seventy-five or eighty." {{harvp|Guthrie|1967|p=173}} 
}}

{{efn
|name=philosopher
|{{harvnb|Cicero, Tusc. Qu|loc=§5.3.8–§5.3.9|pp=431–433}} (citing [[Heraclides Ponticus]] fr. 88 Wehrli), {{harvp|Diog I|loc=1.12}}, {{harvp|Diog VIII|loc=§8.8}}, {{harvp|Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth|loc=§58}}. Burkert attempted to discredit this ancient tradition {{harvp|Burkert|1960}} but it has been defended by {{harvp|De Vogel|1966|pp=97–102}} and {{harvp|Riedweg|2005|p=92}}
}}

{{efn
|name=Xenophanes
|Xenophanes' Poem (or [[Elegies]]) on Pythagorus is provided below, which was preserved in {{harvp|Diog VIII|loc=§1.36}}:

* Greek: {{lang|grc|περὶ δὲ τοῦ ἄλλοτε ἄλλον γεγενῆσθαι (Pythagoras) Ζενοφάνης ἐν ἐλεγείαι προσμαρτυρεῖ, ἧς ἀρχή 'νῦν{{nbsp}}... κέλενθον'. ὃ δὲ περὶ αὐτοῦ (Pythagoras) φησιν, οὕτως ἔχει καί{{nbsp}}... αἰών'. νῦν αὖτ' ἄλλον ἔπειμι λόγον, δείξω δὲ κέλευθον. καί ποτέ μιν στυφελιζομένου σκύλακος παριόντα φασὶν ἐποικτῖραι καὶ τόδε φάσθαι ἔπος "παῦσαι μηδὲ ῥάπιζε, ἐπεὶ ἡ φίλου ἀνέρος ἐστὶν ψυχή, τὴν ἔγνων φθεγξαμένης αὐδῆς."}} {{harvp|DK 21B7|p=130}}
* English: "And now I will turn to another tale and point the way.{{nbsp}}... Once they say that he (Pythagoras) was passing by when a dog was being beaten and spoke this word: "Stop! don't beat it! For it is the soul of a friend that I recognised when I heard its voice." {{harvp|Burnet|1920|p=118}}
}}

{{efn
|name=ancestry
|Some writers call him a native [[Samos|Samian]], a [[Tyrrhenians|Tyrrhenian]] from [[Lemnos]], or a [[Phlius|Phliasian]] from Peloponnesus, and give Marmacus or Demaratus as his name (see {{harvp|Diog VIII|loc=§1.1}}; {{harvp|Porphyry, Vit. Pyth|loc=§1, §2}}; Justin, xx. 4; Pausanias, ii. 13; {{harvp|Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth|loc=§2.4}}). Due to this obscurity, some modern scholars deem it safer to accept "that Pythagoras and his father were pure-blooded Greeks, of undiluted Samian stock". {{harvp|Jacoby|Bollansée|1999|pp=256–257|loc=n. 73}}
}}

{{efn
|name=vegetarianism
|as Empedocles did afterwards, Aristotle, ''Rhet.'' i. 14. §&nbsp;2; Sextus Empiricus, ix. 127. This was also one of the Orphic precepts, Aristoph. ''Ran.'' 1032
}}

{{efn
|name=babylon
|There are about 100,000 unpublished cuneiform sources in the [[British Museum]] alone. Babylonian knowledge of proof of the Pythagorean theorem is discussed by J. Høyrup, 'The Pythagorean "Rule" and "Theorem" – Mirror of the Relation between Babylonian and Greek Mathematics,' in: J. Renger (red.): ''Babylon. Focus mesopotamischer Geschichte, Wiege früher Gelehrsamkeit, Mythos in der Moderne'' (1999).
}}

}}