Editing Psychology (section)

=== Military and intelligence ===
One role for [[military psychology|psychologists in the military]] has been to evaluate and counsel soldiers and other personnel. In the U.S., this function began during World War I, when Robert Yerkes established the School of Military Psychology at [[Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia|Fort Oglethorpe]] in Georgia. The school provided psychological training for military staff.<ref name=Tomes2008 /><ref>[[Robert M. Yerkes]], "[http://www.pnas.org/content/4/10/295.full.pdf Measuring the Mental Strength of an Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120194554/http://www.pnas.org/content/4/10/295.full.pdf |date=20 January 2017 }}"; ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 4.10, 15 October 1918.</ref> Today, U.S. Army psychologists perform psychological screening, clinical psychotherapy, [[suicide prevention]], and treatment for post-traumatic stress, as well as provide prevention-related services, for example, smoking cessation.<ref>Joshua N. Friedlander, "Military Psychology: An Army Clinical Psychologist" in Morgan et al. (ed.), ''Life After Graduate School in Psychology'' (2005).</ref> The United States Army's Mental Health Advisory Teams implement psychological interventions to help combat troops experiencing mental problems.<ref>Thomas, J.L. (2008). OHP Research and Practice in the US Army: Mental Health Advisory Teams. ''Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 4'', 4–5. [https://sohp-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/sohpnewsletterv04-october2008.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104142222/https://sohp-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/sohpnewsletterv04-october2008.pdf|date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref>Genderson, M.R., Schonfeld, I.S., Kaplan, M.S., & Lyons, M.J. (2009).Suicide associated with military service. ''Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 6'', 5–7. [https://sohp-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/sohpnewsletterv06-may2009.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922004626/http://www.sohp-online.org/NewsletterDownloads/SOHPNewsletterV6May2009.pdf|date=22 September 2017}}</ref>

Psychologists may also work on a diverse set of campaigns known broadly as psychological warfare. Psychological warfare chiefly involves the use of propaganda to influence enemy soldiers and civilians. This so-called black propaganda is designed to seem as if it originates from a source other than the Army.<ref>[[Cordwainer Smith|Paul M.A. Linebarger]], ''Psychological Warfare''; Washington: Combat Forces Press, 1954.</ref> The [[CIA]]'s [[MKULTRA]] program involved more individualized efforts at [[Brainwashing|mind control]], involving techniques such as hypnosis, torture, and covert involuntary administration of [[LSD]].<ref>See "[https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/13inmate_ProjectMKULTRA.pdf Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429194235/http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/13inmate_ProjectMKULTRA.pdf |date=29 April 2011 }}"; Joint Hearing before the Senate Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety Fifth Congress, First Session, 3 August 1997; and [[John D. Marks]], ''The Search for the Manchurian Candidate'', New York: Times Books, 1979.</ref> The U.S. military used the name [[Psychological Operations (United States)|Psychological Operations]] (PSYOP) until 2010, when these activities were reclassified as Military Information Support Operations (MISO), part of [[Information Operations (United States)|Information Operations]] (IO).<ref>Alfred Paddock, Jr., "[http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA523696 PSYOP: On a Complete Change in Organization, Practice, and Doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712195716/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA523696 |date=12 July 2015 }}", ''Small Wars Journal'' 2010.</ref> Psychologists have sometimes been involved in assisting the interrogation and torture of suspects, staining the records of the psychologists involved.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/11/cia-torture-doctors-psychologists-apa-prosecution US torture report: psychologists should no longer aid military, group says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214080507/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/11/cia-torture-doctors-psychologists-apa-prosecution |date=14 December 2016 }} ''The Guardian'', 11 July 2015</ref>